Summary AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs) are transcription factors involved in auxin signal transduction during many stages of plant growth development. ARF10 , ARF16 and ARF17 targeted by microRNA160 (miR160) Arabidopsis thaliana . Here, we show that negative regulation miR160 plays important roles seed germination post‐germination. Transgenic plants expressing an miR160‐resistant form which has silent mutations the miRNA target site (termed mARF10 ), exhibited developmental defects such as...

This review highlights recent progresses in seed germination and dormancy research. Research on the weakening of endosperm during germination, which is almost a classic theme biology, was resumed by α-xylosidase studies. Strong genetic evidence presented to suggest that quality control xyloglucan biosynthesis (and embryo) plays critical role germination. Further analyses adjacent layers have suggested cutin coat endosperm-testa interphase negatively affects while endosperm-embryo produces...

Summary In many plant species, seed dormancy is broken by cold stratification, a pre‐chilling treatment of fully imbibed seeds. Although the ecological importance response to temperature well appreciated, mechanisms underlying physiological changes during stratification unknown. Here we show that GATA zinc finger protein expressed in Arabidopsis seeds plays critical role germination. Characterization an enhancer‐trap population identified multiple lines exhibited β ‐glucuronidase (GUS)...

Abstract Endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) is involved in hydrolysis of the mannan-rich cell walls tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) endosperm during germination and post-germinative seedling growth. Different electrophoretic isoforms endo-β-mannanase are expressed sequentially different parts endosperm, initially micropylar cap covering radicle tip subsequently remaining lateral surrounding rest embryo. We have isolated a cDNA from imbibed seeds (LeMAN2) that shares 77% deduced amino acid...

Abstract Seed germination is regulated in a concerted manner that involves generating growth potential the embryo to overcome mechanical resistance of endosperm. The wake-up call dry seed includes reorganization subcellular structures and reactivation metabolism dense, oxygen-poor environment. Pools unbound metabolites solutes produced by degradation storage reserves, including starch, proteins oils, can contribute generation radicle protrusion. Recent genomics studies have contributed vast...

Full understanding of mechanisms that control seed dormancy and germination remains elusive. Whereas it has been proposed translational plays a predominant role in germination, other studies suggest the importance specific gene expression patterns imbibed seeds. Transgenic plants were developed to permit conditional encoding 9- cis -epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 6 (NCED6), rate-limiting enzyme abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, using ecdysone receptor-based plant switch system ligand...

Abstract Endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) is involved in cell wall disassembly and the weakening of plant tissues by degrading mannan polymers walls. genes are expressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds (LeMAN1 LeMAN2) fruits (LeMAN3 LeMAN4). A novel endo-β-mannanase gene (termed LeMAN5) was found genome genome-walking PCR bacterial artificial chromosome library screening. The 5′-upstream region this contained four copies pollen-specific cis-acting elements POLLEN1LELAT52 (AGAAA)....

Abstract Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) have been implicated in mitigating the effects of environmental stresses on plants. In seeds, proposed roles for RFOs include protecting cellular integrity during desiccation and/or imbibition, extending longevity dehydrated state, and providing substrates energy generation germination. A gene encoding galactinol synthase (GOLS), first committed enzyme biosynthesis RFOs, was cloned from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Moneymaker) its...

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs) modify xyloglucans, major components of primary cell walls in dicots. A cDNA encoding an XET (LeXET4) was isolated from a germinating tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seed library. DNA gel blot analysis showed that LeXET4 is single‐copy gene the genome. mRNA strongly expressed seeds, much less abundant stems, and not detected roots, leaves or flower tissues. During germination, seeds within 12 h imbibition with maximum abundance at 24 h. Tissue...

The chemical energy synthesized during photosynthesis as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins accumulates in seeds provides a food source for animals. Seeds are also important genetic delivery systems essential sustainable agriculture environmental control. Genetic information elite cultivars of crop species accumulated breeding programs is distributed the form seeds. Ensuring successful germination seedling establishment significant first step agricultural production. molecular biochemical...

Summary Enhancer trap is a powerful approach for identifying tissue‐ and stage‐specific gene expression in plants animals. For Arabidopsis research, β ‐glucuronidase (GUS) enhancer‐trap lines have been created successfully used to identify tissue‐specific many plant organs. However, limited applications of these seed germination research reported. This probably due the impermeability testa GUS substrate. By focusing on stages between endosperm rupture, we were able circumvent barrier...

Abscisic acid is an essential hormone for seed dormancy. Our previous study using the plant gene switch system, a chemically induced expression demonstrated that induction of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), rate-limiting ABA biosynthesis gene, was sufficient to suppress germination in imbibed Arabidopsis seeds. Here, we report development efficient experimental system causes amplification NCED during maturation. The created with Triticum aestivum promoter containing responsive...

Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) catalyses the first step controlling rate of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Wounding is a ubiquitous stress in nature and harvesting preparation fruits vegetables that induces an increase PAL activity, accumulation phenolic compounds subsequent tissue browning. A wound‐inducible gene ( LsPAL1 ) was isolated from Romaine lettuce by RT‐PCR. The putative protein encoded similar to predictive polypeptides sequences for other PALs. kinetics mRNA those induced enzyme...

Wounding lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) leaves induced an eight‐fold increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), and subsequent accumulation phenolic compounds tissue browning at 10°C. PAL is a key enzyme synthesis compounds. A cDNA was previously isolated by reverse‐transcription PCR using total RNA from wounded leaves. gel blots showed that maximum both mRNA occurred 24 h after wounding. 2‐min heat shock 45°C administered within 5 min wounding...