The prefrontal cortex modulates executive control processes and structurally matures throughout adolescence. Consistent with these events, functions that demand high levels of may mature later than those require working memory but decreased control. To test this hypothesis, adolescents (9 to 20 years old) completed nonverbal tasks varying demands. Findings suggest recall‐guided action for single units spatial information develops until 11 12 years. ability maintain manipulate multiple 13 15...

Healthy adolescents (79 girls, 66 boys), ages 9-17, completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; A. Bechara, R. Damasio, H. & S. W. Anderson, 1994) as well working memory (digit span) and behavioral inhibition (go/no-go) tasks. Cross-sectional age-related changes were seen on all 3 Gender differences in IGT deck preference attentional variables (i.e., go/no-go hit rate forward digit span). After age, gender, general intellectual abilities controlled for, performance was not predicted by or scores....

Post-mortem histological and in vivo neuroimaging findings both reveal frontal lobe development that extends beyond the adolescent years. Few studies have examined whether this protracted neurodevelopment coincides with improvements performance on putative tasks. An instrumental function supported by lobes is working memory, ability to maintain manipulate information online. This study investigated of typically developing children adolescents a battery memory Findings revealed an improvement...

Figure 2 was distorted in production. The correct version is presented the erratum.] Adolescence a period of radical normative changes and increased risk for substance use, mood disorders, physical injury. Researchers have proposed that increases reward sensitivity (i.e., behavioral approach system [BAS]) and/or reactivity to all emotional stimuli threat sensitivities) lead these phenomena. present study first longitudinal investigation BAS) 9- 23-year-olds across 2-year follow-up. Support...

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is poised to be the largest single-cohort long-term longitudinal of neurodevelopment and child health in United States. Baseline data on N= 4521 children aged 9–10 were released for public access November 2, 2018. In this paper we performed principal component analyses neurocognitive assessments administered baseline sample. battery included seven measures from NIH Toolbox as well five other tasks. We implemented a Bayesian...

Abstract In this article, children's performance on subtasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) is described. Two samples were recruited, one of which included children who spoke English as a second language. Children in group also completed subtests Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Revision (WISC-III). Despite fact that ESL scored over 1 SD below norm WISC-III Vocabulary subtest, there no CANTAB distinctions between primary versus...

Intrauterine growth retardation and diabetes mellitus during human gestation result in significant losses of fetal neonatal brain iron. Brain iron deficiency is associated with impaired cognitive processes including memory attention. The regional distribution staining cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx) activity have not been mapped the iron-sufficient or -deficient rat. CytOx iron-containing terminal enzyme oxidative phosphorylation; its reflects neuronal metabolism. We hypothesized that...

Recent studies on the neurobiology of cognition have focused ability prefrontal cortex (PFC) to support processes working memory, i.e, mnemonic by which information relevant for a correct response is temporarily maintained be reevaluated or updated trial-by-trial basis. Of most recent interest role played dopamine (DA) in spatial memory principal sulcal region PFC. Although D1 DA receptors appear modulate these monkeys, several lines research suggest that D2 could also cognitive functions....

Computers have been used for a number of years in neuropsychological assessment to facilitate the scoring, interpretation, and administration variety commonly tests. There has recent interest applying computerized technology pediatric assessment, which poses unique demands based on need interpret performance relative child's developmental level.However, neuropsychologists tended implement computers but not administration, This trend is changing work experimental who frequently combine data...

Neurocognitive research has focused on monoaminergic influences over broad behavior patterns. For example, dopamine (DA) generally facilitates informational transfer within limbic and cortical networks to promote reward-seeking behavior. Specifically, DA activity in prefrontal cortex modulates the ability for nonhuman primates humans perform spatial working memory tasks. Serotonin (5HT) constrains of DA, resulting an opposing relationship between 5HT with respect emotional motor behaviors. A...

<b>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</b> Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by basal ganglia abnormalities. However, there are neurodegenerative changes in PD that extend beyond the and not sufficiently evaluated with standard MR imaging. The aim of this study was to characterize whole-brain gray matter (GM) white (WM) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). <b>MATERIALS METHODS:</b> Thirteen control 12 subjects nondemented were examined DTI 3D anatomic T1-weighted images. Statistical parametric...

Healthy participants (n = 79), ages 9-23, completed a delay discounting task assessing the extent to which value of monetary reward declines as its receipt increases. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used evaluate how individual differences in relate variation fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) within whole-brain white matter using voxel-based regressions. Given that rapid prefrontal lobe development is occurring during this age range functional studies have implicated...

Behavioral activation that is associated with incentive-reward motivation increases in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. This quadratic developmental pattern generally supported by behavioral experimental neuroscience findings. It suggested a focus on changes dopamine neurotransmission informative understanding the mechanism for this adolescent increase reward-related subsequent decline into Evidence presented indicate modulated mesoaccumbens dopamine, it before declining...

Alcohol use in excessive quantities has deleterious effects on brain structure and behavior adults during periods of rapid neurodevelopment, such as prenatally. Whether similar outcomes characterize other developmental periods, adolescence, the context less extensive is unknown. Recent cross-sectional studies suggest that binge drinking well alcohol disorders adolescence are associated with disruptions white matter microstructure gray volumes.The current study followed typically developing...