High temperature stress adversely affects wheat growth in many important production regions, but the mode of injury is unclear. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Newton) was grown under controlled conditions to determine relative magnitude and sequences responses source sink processes high during grain development. Regimes 25°C day/15°C night, 30°C day/20°C 35°C day/25°C night from 5 days after anthesis maturity differentially affected processes. temperatures accelerated normal decline viable...

Photosynthetic rates and thylakoid activities are adversely affected by high temperatures in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), but their role determining productivity during stress is uncertain. Our objectives were to ascertain relationships genotypic variability among single‐leaf photosynthesis, activity, high‐temperature at vegetative reproductive stages. Ten genotypes from major world wheat‐producing regions grown under moderate (22/17 °C day/night) (32/ 27 for 2 wk as seedlings or anthesis...

High temperature limits productivity of crops in many regions the world, but physiological basis tolerance to stress is not known. Our objective was determine relationship between photosynthetic responses high at whole‐plant level and sensitivity light reactions, most labile systems, brief heat treatment. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), a C 3 species adapted cool environments; rice Oryza sativa warm millet [ Pennesitum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], 4 hot environments, were compared. Photosynthesis...

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature on seed germination and growth redroot pigweed, Palmer amaranth, common waterhemp. At 15/10 C day night temperature, respectively, no was observed in any species. Seed increased gradually as increased. Germination peaked at 25/20 waterhemp 35/30 pigweed amaranth. all three species declined when temperatures above C. All produced less biomass than 35/25 Redroot similar higher that However, amaranth more 45/40 C, waterhemp,...

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox)-inhibiting herbicides was identified in a population of common waterhemp that had been treated with acifluorfen for several years. The protox-resistant biotype approximately 34, 82, 8, and 4 times more resistant than susceptible acifluorfen, lactofen, fomesafen, sulfentrazone, respectively. also showed high level resistance acetolactate synthase–inhibiting thifensulfuron imazethapyr but not glyphosate or paraquat. An organophosphate...

Weed suppression in green pea was evaluated when planted after a fall planting of rapeseed, white mustard, rye, or wheat had been incorporated into the soil spring. Tests were conducted at Mount Vernon, WA, 1994 and 1995. peas varied between different manure crops. One month planting, highest weed population following wheat, whereas lowest rapeseed. Rye mustard suppressed early weeds relative to by 25 30%, respectively. However, harvest, density similar all improved cultivation metribuzin...

Thermotolerance of photosynthesis and productivity in `Chandler' `Sweet Charlie' strawberry plants ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) exposed to three temperature regimes was studied. Net CO 2 assimilation rate (A), variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv), efficiency photosystem II (Fv/Fm), relative content, plant growth, fruit yield quality were measured. High (40 °C day/35 night) more detrimental than the moderate or low (30/25 20/15 °C). both cultivars markedly reduced by 40/35 °C, although...

Resistance to imazethapyr was identified in a population of common sunflower that had been treated with for seven consecutive years. The imazethapyr-resistant biotype approximately 170 times more resistant than the susceptible based on rate required 25% control. due altered acetolactate synthase (ALS) is less sensitive imazethapyr. concentration inhibit vitro ALS activity by 210–fold higher biotype. Differences absorption, translocation, and metabolism biotypes were not sufficient explain resistance

Field research was conducted to evaluate the response of soybean various herbicides applied at rates simulate drift damage. Dicamba, glyphosate, glufosinate, and sulfonylurea CGA-152005, primisulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron, CGA-152005 primisulfuron were two three trifoliolate leaf stage in 1997 1998 ⅓ recommended use rates. The order yield reduction after herbicide treatment > dicamba thifensulfuron primisulfuron. Soybean yields not reduced by nicosulfuron....

Thermal inhibition and photoinhibition of plants, which may occur simultaneously in nature, were investigated to determine whether the two causal stresses interact characterize any interactions that occurred. Photosynthetic rates wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Len) seedlings declined gradually after temperature treatment increased from 22 42 degrees C or photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) 450 2000 micromoles per square meter second fell rapidly imposed. Stomatal conductance internal...

Several inbred lines of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide-resistant (ALS-R) Palmer amaranth and ALS-susceptible (ALS-S) common waterhemp were developed in the greenhouse. Interspecific hybrids obtained by allowing several ALS-S females to be pollinated only ALS-R a growth chamber. Putative hybrid progeny treated with an ALS-inhibiting herbicide, nature verified using polymorphism found parental ALS gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used amplify region gene both plants...

The article presents an annual field survey by the University of California as a manner herbicide resistance management for rice growers. Submitted weed seed samples are tested against registered herbicides which achieved no control that season. All labelled modes action each specific species were and applied according to their respective labels. Analyses these experiments data from 2015 2021 provide active decision-making framework growers comprehensive overview in rice.

Abstract Currently, a limited number of herbicides is available to treat water-seeded rice in California, with widespread resistance most those herbicides. Because no resistant grasses showed pendimethalin, series studies were conducted evaluate response pendimethalin. In field study at the Rice Experiment Station Biggs, 2020 and 2021, three pendimethalin formulations, granule (GR), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), capsule suspension (CS), applied 1.1, 2.3, 3.4 kg ai ha −1 rates, 5, 10, 15 d...

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Abstract Off-target rice herbicide drift is historically a concern in California, where susceptible crops such as orchards and vineyards are nearby. Tetflupyrolimet potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which provides excellent grass weed control cropping systems. In efforts to steward tetflupyrolimet before its registration this research was conducted compare the onset foliar symptoms from applications onto almond, grapevine, peach, pistachio, plum, walnut. applied these tree...

Abstract The windmill palm is a distinctive outdoor ornamental adapted to cooler climates. Weeds pose significant challenges in nurseries, particularly during seedling and establishment stages. This research was conducted nursery with 5,500 seedlings, starting April 2014 when the trees were three years old. Experiments terminated October 2018 weed control no longer necessary due advanced growth stages of trees. objectives determine composition diversity, elucidate effects mechanical...

Fluorescent insulin is commonly used for a range of detection and imaging purposes. Achieving site-selective labeling affords superior yield while retaining its biological activity. Insulin usually achieved using commercial kits with minimal emphasis on the site degree labeling. To bridge this gap, work highlights essential parameters concerning development fluorescent reflects them activity in vivo. end, monolabeled at N-terminal A chain (GlyA1-N-FITC-insulin) was prepared equivalents...

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of relative humidity and temperature on efficacy, absorption, translocation glufosinate at 205, 410, 820 g ha−1 in Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, common waterhemp. Low decreased control all three species by glufosinate. However, increased as application rate low humidity. Amaranth grown under 21/16, 26/21, 31/26 C day/night regimes responded differently At 26/21 C, controlled pigweed less effectively than it amaranth...

Field experiments were conducted at Ashland Bottoms in northeastern Kansas and Hays western 2001, 2002, 2003 to determine the response of soil microbial nematode communities different herbicides tillage practices under a glyphosate-resistant cropping system. Conventional herbicide treatments tank mixture cloransulam plus S -metolachlor sulfentrazone for soybean commercially available acetochlor atrazine corn. Glyphosate was applied 1.12 kg ai ha −1 when weeds 10 or 20 cm tall both corn...

Damage and capacity to recover of photosystem II (PSII) from long exposures heat stress were investigated in grapes using chlorophyll fluorescence. Two wine grapes, Vitis aestivalis Michx. cv. ‘Cynthiana’ French-American hybrid ‘Vignoles’ ( L. hybrid), exposed a sudden shock (SHS) gradual (GHS) at 40/35 °C. After stress, plants moved greenhouse allow PSII treatments. Changes maximum quantum efficiency PSII, indicated by the ratio variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm), observed after 3, 6, 12 days 7,...

Field experiments were conducted in 11 states to evaluate broadleaf weed management programs dicamba-resistant soybeans which involved the use of preemergence and postemergence dicamba. Preemergence (PRE) dicamba at 0.25 lb ae/acre provided less than 60% control smooth pigweed, giant ragweed, velvetleaf, palmer amaranth, waterhemp, morningglory spp., but 97% common lambsquarters horseweed 3 weeks after treatment (WAT). flumioxazin plus chlorimuron or sulfentrazone cloransulam 66 100% these...

Kochia is a troublesome weed throughout the western United States. Although glyphosate effectively controls kochia, poor control was observed in several no-till fields Kansas. The objectives of this research were to evaluate kochia populations response and examine mechanism that causes differential glyphosate. Glyphosate applied at 0, 54, 109, 218, 435, 870, 1305, 1740, 3480, 5220 g ae ha −1 on 10 populations. In general, differed their At 21 d after treatment, injury from 870 range 4 91%....

Although many pests constrain rice production, weeds are considered to be the major barrier achieving optimal yields. A predictive model based on naturally occurring mixed-species infestations in field would enable growers target specific weed group that is greatest contributor yield loss, but as of now no such models available. In 2013 and 2014, two empirical hyperbolic were tested using relative cover at canopy closure groups species independent variables: grasses, sedges, broadleaves,...

Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy, absorption, and translocation of glyphosate, glufosinate, imazethapyr with selected weed species. In greenhouse applied at 0.25, 0.5, 1 times their label rates 1,121, 410, 70 g ha−1, respectively, on 10- 15-cm black nightshade, common waterhemp, eastern field bindweed, giant ragweed, ivyleaf morningglory, prairie cupgrass, velvetleaf, yellow nutsedge. Glyphosate 1-time rate caused injury greater than or similar from glufosinate...