We describe a simple methodology for the effective retrieval of Raman spectra subsurface layers in diffusely scattering media. The technique is based on collection scattered light from surface regions that are laterally offset away excitation laser spot sample. obtained this way exhibit variation relative spectral intensities and sample being investigated. data set processed using multivariate analysis to yield pure individual layers, providing method elimination scatter. applicable depths...

We report the first transcutaneous Raman spectrum of human bone in vivo obtained at skin-safe laser illumination levels. The thumb distal phalanx was using spatially offset spectroscopy (SORS), which provides chemically specific information on deep layers tissue, well beyond reach existing comparative approaches. is based collecting spectra away from point concentric rings optical fibers. As a generic analytical tool this approach paves way for range uses including disease diagnosis,...

We present the first elementary model predicting how Raman intensities vary for a range of experimental variables spatially offset spectroscopy (SORS), recently proposed technique effective retrieval spectra subsurface layers in diffusely scattering media. The was able to reproduce key observations made from SORS experiments, namely dependence signal on spatial between illumination and collection points relative contributions overall spectrum top layer sub-layer. application concept...

Summary Age‐associated and degenerative loss of functional integrity in soft tissues develops from effects cumulative subtle changes their extracellular matrix (ECM). The highly ordered tendon ECM provides the tissue with its tensile strength during loading. As age exercise collude high incidence tendinopathies, we hypothesized that aged tendons fail due to damage resulting a combination diminished repair fragmentation proteins induced by prolonged cyclical loading, this is an active...

Abstract With fragility fractures increasing as the population ages, there is a need for improved means to estimate risk of fracture. We recorded Raman spectra both mineral and organic phases bone transcutaneously, technology with potential enhance quality fracture assessment. Introduction: The current “gold standard” assessment BMD determined by DXA. However, this accounts only 60–70% strength. X-rays are absorbed phase bone, whereas remains essentially invisible; however, strength...

Micromovement has been shown to promote the healing of experimental fractures, but its role in clinical management fractures with soft-tissue injury is less certain. In a 2-mm transverse osteotomy ovine tibia held an instrumented external fixator, axial interfragmentary displacement was quantified vivo for six weeks after osteotomy. Group I (n = 11) had fixation stiffness 460 N/mm and II 12) 238 N/mm. With 25% difference micromovement, fourfold change corticomedullary blood flow observed at...

The use of a valgus brace can effectively relieve the symptoms unicompartmental osteoarthritis knee. This study provides an objective measurement function by analysis gait symmetry. was measured in 30 patients on four separate occasions: immediately before and after initial fitting then again at three months with off. All reported immediate symptomatic improvement less pain walking. After brace, symmetry indices stance swing phase showed consistent 0 3 months, respectively, 3.92% (p = 0.030)...

Picosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy in equine cortical bone tissue is demonstrated. Using 400-nm pulsed laser excitation (1 ps at 1 kHz) it shown that Kerr cell gating with a 4-ps window provides simultaneously rejection of fluorescence and scatter enabling depth profiling through tissue. The shifts are the same as those observed by conventional cw using deep-red or near-infrared lasers. time decay photons to fit an inverse square root function, suggesting propagation diffusive...

We examined the effect of periosteal devascularisation upon early healing osteotomies sheep tibiae held in an instrumented external fixation system with axial stiffness 240 N/mm. At 14 days, cortical blood flow measured by microsphere technique was 19.3 ml/min/100g well-vascularised osteotomies, but only 1.7 devascularised despite increase medullary (p less than 0.0005). Delay suggested vivo monitoring and confirmed post-mortem mechanical testing. suggest that osteogenic stimulus dynamic is...

The aetiology of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is unknown; both primary infectious and degenerative causes have been suggested.There a significant association between increasing age severity joint degeneration. To examine the histopathology articulation in aged horses to compare appearance with computed tomography (CT) peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT).pQCT scans articulations were obtained bilaterally from 31 (range 1-44 years) post mortem images graded by 2 blinded observers on...

An understanding of the remodelling tendon is crucial for development scientific methods treatment and rehabilitation. This study tested hypothesis that adapts structurally in response to changes functional loading. A novel model allowed manipulation mechanical environment patellar presence normal joint movement via application an adjustable external fixator mechanism between patella tibia sheep, while avoiding exposure itself. Stress shielding caused a significant reduction structural...

The development of a label-free, non-destructive and safe analytical method such as Raman spectroscopy for assessing cartilage degradation is highly desirable.Compared to non-optical imaging modalities, mapping offers more sensitive means directly the chemical composition in three-dimensional space potential monitor degeneration inform intervention treatment strategies.Herein, we report application spectroscopic methods ex vivo at arthroscopy identify molecular alterations specimens...

Study Design. This study was designed to investigate flexion and extension of the cervical spine in patients with "instability" spine. Objectives. To establish a new method calculating instantaneous center rotation (ICR) skull relative thorax compare differences ICR between normal volunteers patients. Summary Background Data. "Instability" commonly is investigated using functional radiographs, which an unreliable method. Although suggested as objective parameter measuring spinal...

The benefits of pulsatile flow during the period cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) applied open-heart surgery remains controversial. We have developed a rodent (rat) model CBP that has been designed to functionally mimic clinical setting, principally, but not solely, for study CPB. successful development this centres on design circuitry and surgical approach employed. entire circuit is similar equipment in terms its construction, configuration, performance, material surface area blood volume...

In this study, we report on a group of complementary human osteoblast in vitro test methods for the preclinical evaluation 3D porous titanium surfaces. The surfaces were prepared by additive manufacturing (electron beam melting [EBM]) and plasma spraying, allowing creation complex lattice surface geometries. Physical properties characterized SEM profilometry cell culture using osteoblasts. Primary cells found to elicit greater differences between sample than an MG63 osteoblast-like line,...

The use of a valgus brace can effectively relieve the symptoms unicompartmental osteoarthritis knee. This study provides an objective measurement function by analysis gait symmetry. was measured in 30 patients on four separate occasions: immediately before and after initial fitting then again at three months with off. All reported immediate symptomatic improvement less pain walking. After brace, symmetry indices stance swing phase showed consistent 0 3 months, respectively, 3.92% (p = 0.030)...

Objective: To compare the mechanical, knotting, and absorption properties of 3 synthetic absorbable suture materials (polyglactin 910, polydioxanone, poliglecaprone 25) from 2 different manufacturers (Huaiyin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd. Ethicon Inc.). Sample Population: Suture material samples same manufacturing lot for each type manufacturer. Methods: Part 1: 10 were incubated in bovine serum tested ultimate load stiffness at days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28. 2: knotted similarly evaluated,...

The change in back shape after Luque segmental sublam-inar instrumentation was assessed the frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes 61 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using Integrated Shape Investigation System (ISIS) standard radiographic techniques, found to be an effective method of correcting thoracic thoracolumbar curves frontal plane a 59% 63% respective reduction size preoperative Cobb angle. Despite correction, however, ISIS scan showed that 40 single curves, rib hump...

We show that Raman spectroscopy with visible lasers, even in the deep blue is possible time-gated spectroscopy. A 4 picosec time gate allows efficient fluorescence rejection, up to 1000X, and provides almost background-free spectra low incident laser power. The technology enables better than 10X higher scattering efficiency NIR (785 nm 830 nm) lasers are conventionally used. photon migration shown allow depth penetration. for first Kerr-gated of bone tissue excitation both rejection