We describe a simple methodology for the effective retrieval of Raman spectra subsurface layers in diffusely scattering media. The technique is based on collection scattered light from surface regions that are laterally offset away excitation laser spot sample. obtained this way exhibit variation relative spectral intensities and sample being investigated. data set processed using multivariate analysis to yield pure individual layers, providing method elimination scatter. applicable depths...

A strain gauge rosette was attached to the midshaft of a man's tibia. This demonstrated that during every stride bone surface subjected number discrete deformation cycles. During each cycle deformed from particular direction, released at least partially and then another direction. feature has been observed sites in experimental animals. The largest occurred while subject running; principal tension reached 850 microstrain applied line with bone's long axis 13 times 10-3 per second. When...

There is increased pressure by governments and industry to develop national surveillance programmes evaluate antimicrobial usage (AMU) in animals.This article presents a methodological approach cost-effectiveness analysis of such programmes.Seven objectives are proposed for AMU animals: quantifying use, finding trends, detecting hotspots, identifying risk factors, encouraging research, evaluating the impact policies diseases, demonstrating compliance with regulations.Achieving these would...

Fracture of the long bones results in a repair process that has potential to restore anatomic morphology and mechanical integrity bone without scar tissue. The can occur two patterns. In first, under conditions rigid stabilization, direct osteonal remodeling fracture line with little or no external callus, known as repair. second pattern involves bridging fragments callus formation site by endochondral healing. This type is indirect healing occurs less interfragmentary stabilization. rate...

We report the first transcutaneous Raman spectrum of human bone in vivo obtained at skin-safe laser illumination levels. The thumb distal phalanx was using spatially offset spectroscopy (SORS), which provides chemically specific information on deep layers tissue, well beyond reach existing comparative approaches. is based collecting spectra away from point concentric rings optical fibers. As a generic analytical tool this approach paves way for range uses including disease diagnosis,...

We present the first elementary model predicting how Raman intensities vary for a range of experimental variables spatially offset spectroscopy (SORS), recently proposed technique effective retrieval spectra subsurface layers in diffusely scattering media. The was able to reproduce key observations made from SORS experiments, namely dependence signal on spatial between illumination and collection points relative contributions overall spectrum top layer sub-layer. application concept...

Overstrain injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SI) are among most common musculoskeletal which contribute considerable wastage of racing Thoroughbreds. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated prevalence risk factors for injury when but not included those sustained during training. However, since training is seen commonly in clinical practice, it appropriate determine overall both racing.To overstrain SDFT SL Thoroughbred flat racehorses...

Little is known about the rate at which protein turnover occurs in living tendon and whether differs between tendons with different physiological roles. In this study, we have quantified racemization of aspartic acid to calculate age collagenous non-collagenous components high strain injury-prone superficial digital flexor (SDFT) low rarely injured common extensor (CDET) a group horses wide range. addition, collagen was assessed indirectly by measuring levels degradation markers...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects hyaluronic acid supplementation on chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. clinical benefits intra-articular injections are thought occur through improved joint lubrication. Recent findings have shown that exogenous is incorporated into articular cartilage where it may a direct biological effect chondrocytes CD44 receptors.Bovine were isolated and seeded alginate constructs. These cultured medium containing at varying concentrations. Samples...

Study Design An in vivo experimental investigation of internal disc mechanics and discogenic pain. Objectives To test the hypotheses: 1) The pattern loading intervertebral discs is similar to that measured previously vitro; 2) stress concentrations also are found clinically degenerate vivo; associated with Summary Background Data Stress corresponding potentially painful patterns endplate have been observed vitro. Methods distribution within lumbar patients chronic pain was using...

Tendon injuries are a common age-related degenerative condition where current treatment strategies fail to restore functionality and normal quality of life. This disease also occurs naturally in horses, with many similarities human tendinopathy making it an ideal large animal model for disease. Regenerative approaches increasingly used improve outcome involving mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), supported by clinical data injection autologous bone marrow derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) suspended...

In Brief Study Design. Experimental investigation to determine the effect of nicotine on intervertebral spinal disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cells cultured in vitro. Objectives. To evaluate effects cell proliferation, extracellular matrix production, and viability NP three-dimensional alginate constructs Summary Background Data. Numerous studies confirm that smoking is a strong risk factor for back pain. The most widely accepted explanations association between degeneration malnutrition by...

Meniscal cartilage tears are common and predispose to osteoarthritis (OA). Most occur in the avascular portion of meniscus where current repair techniques usually fail. We described previously use undifferentiated autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded onto a collagen scaffold (MSC/collagen-scaffold) integrate meniscal tissues vitro. Our objective was translate this method into cell therapy for patients with torn meniscus, long-term goal delaying or preventing onset OA. After vitro...

Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon are common in horses required gallop and jump at speed. Partial rupture of this usually occurs central core midmetacarpal region may be preceded by localised degenerative changes. Post mortem examination apparently normal equine tendons has revealed an abnormal macroscopic appearance core, characterised a reddish discolouration. We have previously shown that there is also physical damage collagen fibres. In present study we tested hypothesis...

We have studied the relationship between metal ion levels and lymphocyte counts in patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings. Peripheral blood samples were analysed for subtypes whole cobalt chromium 68 (34 resurfacings 34 standard metal-on-polyethylene total replacements). All components radiologically well-fixed asymptomatic. Cobalt significantly elevated resurfacings, compared designs (p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant decrease level of CD8 + cells...

In an attempt to establish some consensus on the proper use and design of experimental animal models in musculoskeletal research, AOVET (the veterinary specialty group AO Foundation) concert with Research Institute (ARI), European Academy for Study Scientific Technological Advance, convened a researchers, veterinarians, legal experts, ethicists discuss, frank open forum, animals research. The narrowed field fracture opinion resulting from this workshop can be summarized as follows:...

Abstract With fragility fractures increasing as the population ages, there is a need for improved means to estimate risk of fracture. We recorded Raman spectra both mineral and organic phases bone transcutaneously, technology with potential enhance quality fracture assessment. Introduction: The current “gold standard” assessment BMD determined by DXA. However, this accounts only 60–70% strength. X-rays are absorbed phase bone, whereas remains essentially invisible; however, strength...

Injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is common in competition horses. The SDFT contributes locomotory efficiency by storing energy; such tendons have low safety margins. Tendons which merely position limb, including opposing extensor (CDET), are rarely injured. current failure of strategies prevent or effectively treat injury indicates importance understanding how it differs from not injury-prone.That structural and material properties matrix composition CDET differ,...