Analyses of threshold-detection and phase-difference techniques for wind-speed measurement using ultrasonic transducers are presented. The influence uncertainties that associated with additive noise attenuation the signal on uncertainty is analyzed. A data-fusion procedure based maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm developed determination wind speed, data gathered through techniques. provides a lower than those obtained above when taken separately. Practical design issues...

Advanced technology is needed every day for wireless, wearable sensors/potentiostats to record real-time measurements and monitor the chemical processes physiological signals of human body. Most potentiostats present on market work as "black boxes" without access their internal structure limited information circuitry makes it challenging develop new measurement methods further integration with other instruments. Despite high resolution (e.g., measure low currents precision noise) commercial...

In this paper, a survey on the characteristics of thermoresistive sensors [positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative (NTC)] their applications to measurement structures that use electric equivalence principle, in special radiometers anemometers, is presented. The dynamic responses architectures influence operational amplifier offset voltage instrument performance are discussed. Alternative employing pulsewidth modulation (PWM) sigma-delta analog-to-digital (A/D) converters also shown.

The availability of real-time information about the biological activity is a valuable matter in wastewater treatment employing activated sludge processes, and this represented by oxygen uptake rate (OUR). In these OUR measurements have been used as fast indicator changes waste load or influx toxic organic compounds for monitoring process efficiency. paper, we propose method estimation using Kalman filters PWM control dissolved (DO) concentration reactor. proposed presents shorter response...

Thermoelectricity energy harvesting based on the thermoelectric generator (TEG) has had a prominent role in solutions since they have dramatically grown recently due to existence of significant thermal gradients ΔT both natural and industrial environments. However, prove that given environment is adequate generate hard task. In order early evaluate potential get enough be converted electric energy, we propose this paper an automatic emulation system can used with any source simple way....

Abstract In this paper is developed a transparent antenna, bioinspired in ingae edulis mart plants, build Indio Tin Oxide film, and flexible dielectric of low cost (cellulose acetate), generated by Gielis formula, for wireless local area network application 5 GHz (5.15–5.85 GHz). The measured antenna presented bandwidth 4.11 (4.50‐8.66 GHz), covering the WLAN band, with maximum gain 5.44 dBi, half power beamwidth 126° at resonance frequency.

Several thermoelectric energy harvesting applications have been introduced recently, showing an increasing interest in energy, mainly using Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that convert heat directly into electrical energy. Some examples of are the human body, wearable devices, and aircraft. However, several studies development steps previously needed to build a complete thermal harvester prove whether it can generate useful amount In this context, way early verify potential possible source...

This paper presents an architecture of a hot-wire anemometer that adjusts the difference between sensor temperature and fluid maximizes sensitivity output quantity (voltage or pulse width) in relation to input (velocity). Analyses were made for PTC NTC sensors type width analog voltage type. It was verified that, is as higher temperature. For NTC, on other hand, maximum when 30 K (for one commercial parameters).

In this paper, a different manner to analyze buck converter and how design its feedback control is proposed. The block diagram of the plant will be described using space-state averaging controlled by decoupled approach, technique. With technique, first order transfer functions are obtained allowing easier synthesis involved controllers results compared based on k-factor approach for their relevant acceptable applications in integrated circuit manufacturing industrial environment.

In this paper is presented the procedure to wind speed measurement based on ultrasonic sensors. For purpose Time-of-Flight (ToF) was estimated using DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) technique. The analysis of influence multiplicative and additive noise medium into carried out. Then, uncertainties propagation for ToF measurements examined. Simulation results show that technique provides a lower uncertainty. Probability Density Function in order compare classical techniques like Threshold...

In this paper a new analog behavioral model of negative temperature coefficient thermoresistive sensor developed using SPICE for hot-wire Wheatstone-Bridge Constant Temperature Anemometer is proposed. The was capacitor and voltage current dependent sources. This suitable transient steady-state time domain analysis. Sensor's behavior detailed an example employment in architecture presented. validation made through simulation, results which are presented discussed.

Programmable analog signal conditioning circuits can be programmed in the field to permit their use several applications with a variety of sensors different output characteristics. The digital programming gain and dc level shift circuit affect measurement resolution cause reduction range measuring system which it is employed. For specified maximum acceptable loss resolution, procedure for defining employing values that guarantees full proposed. proposed methodology takes into account...

In this paper, the effect of dc amplifier input offset voltage on static and dynamic performances a generic constant-temperature thermoresistive-sensor-feedback circuit (CTC) is reviewed. A negative-feedback automatic control for proposed in order to assure stable operation CTC obtain optimal response time. Experimental evaluation results performance are presented

In this work, analyses of Kalman filtering for wind speed measurement using ultrasonic sensors is presented. A technique based on the filter procedure developed determination speed. Data are gathered Discrete Extended Filter (DEKF) algorithm. The assessment uncertainties analyzed. Practical design issues considered and an application example shown in order to illustrate proposed procedure.

The measurement and utilization of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR), or respiration rate, is very important in biological wastewater treatment process. It provides information about activity can indicate presence toxic elements able to corrupt system. An alternative lack OUR sensors use computer codes as software for estimation respirometric activity, based on dissolved (DO) measurements. In this paper estimated using Kalman Filter a sensor DO concentration controlled by aerators on-off type...

A method for measuring speed wind, based on echo detection using ultrasonic transducers with stationary wavelet transform is presented. The (SWT) can be obtained by modifying the basic scheme of discrete (DWT). Two filters are applied to produce output two sequences at each level. Since decimation not exit level, length equal original signal. But changed level adding zeros. After obtaining SWT coefficients, noise removal will performed soft-threshold rule due coefficients still include...

The thermoresistive-based hot-wire anemometer operating at a controlled temperature is classical architecture that vastly found in the literature. Nevertheless, this presents problem due to dynamic range variation with respect fluid temperature. In work an alternative of automatic adjustment proposed. Simulations proposed system using parameters from commercial sensor are presented and compared results configuration.

In this paper some considerations about the application of nanocrystalline alloys in toroidal cores for current transformers used measurement purposes are presented. Based on electromagnetic properties these materials, such as high relative magnetic permeability, flux density saturation, resistivity and low hysteresis losses discussed. Also, will be discussed how former characteristics affect transformer performance. From experimental results, it can concluded that use contribute to...

State of Charge (SoC) is the most important parameter to be estimated on a Battery Management System (BMS). Improper SoC management can cause faster battery degradation, reduce its operational lifetime and, extreme cases overcharge, it may lead an explosion. In addition, batteries are complex electrochemical systems, and both electrical components chemical reactions vary significantly with changes in temperature. this paper, presented effect temperature Lead Acid estimation. The data...

Indirect measurement can be used as an alternative to obtain a desired quantity, whose physical positioning or use of direct sensor in the plant is expensive not possible. This procedure been improved by means feedback control strategies secondary variable, which measured and controlled. Its main advantage new form dynamic response, with improvements response time quantity interest. In water pumping networks, this methodology employed for measuring flow indirectly, advantageous due high...

Water supply systems are constantly improving their operation through energy efficiency actions that involve the use of advanced measurement, control, and automation techniques. The maintenance reliability water distribution is directly associated with hydraulic pressure control. main challenges encountered in control random changes plant presence noise outliers sensor measurements. These undesired characteristics cause inefficiency instability system pumping stations. In this scenario,...

This paper derives a new approach for analyzing dc-dc converters feedback control design. The control-to-output voltage transfer function of the converters, usually predicted by averaging models, and classical techniques are replaced state space average block diagram analysis. These diagrams obtained matrixes combined with their continuous conduction mode differential equations. decoupling technique yields first order functions allowing easier synthesis controllers. disturbance rejection...

Water supply systems are responsible for meeting the consumption demand of a given region. These usually made up pumps, pressure and flow transducers, valves piping. Usually these types present losses, deficiency in design controllers or lack management pump configurations. This work aims to develop control system based on fuzzy logic applied pumping operating three possible configurations: single pump, two pumps series parallel. It will be presented an analysis energy efficiency...

This paper proposes a new architecture of controlled-temperature hot-wire anemometer using voltage feedback linearization. The linearizes the sensor input-output relationship and controller is designed to achieve null steady-state error reduce system response time. Analysis behavior modeled Simulink presented for NTC sensor. Simulation results are discussed, compared with classical constant-temperature (CTA) one.

Constant temperature anemometers (CTA) have been extensively studied in the literature, normally using NTC or PTC thermoresistive sensors. A comparative analysis of sensitivity CTA configurations and is carried out this work. methodology for design that yields maximum configuration proposed. Furthermore, simulations typical sensors are presented supporting theoretical analysis. The results show system performance both types practically same.