Significance The growing popularity of social media, especially among youth, has resulted in peer feedback (including rejection) pervading everyday life. Given that ostracism been linked to depression and suicide, it is critical understand the psychological impact from a developmental perspective. We demonstrate adolescents adults use inform views themselves others very different ways. Of particular interest, early internalized rejection peers felt worse about themselves, whereas exhibited...

Converging behavioral evidence suggests that people respond to experiences of social exclusion with both defensive and affiliative strategies, allowing them avoid further distress while also encouraging re-establishment positive connections. However, there are unresolved questions regarding the cognitive mechanisms underlying people's responses exclusion. Here, we sought gain insight into these tendencies by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examine impact on neural visual...

Human survival depends on identifying targets potentially capable of engaging in meaningful social connection. Using sets morphed images created from animate (human) and inanimate (doll) faces, we found converging evidence across two studies showing that the motivation to connect with other people systematically alters interpretation physical features signal a face is alive. Specifically, their efforts find agents, individuals who feel socially disconnected actually decrease thresholds for...

The capacity to accurately infer the thoughts and intentions of other people is critical for effective social interaction, neural activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) has long been linked with extent which engage mental state attribution. In this study, we combined functional neuroimaging experience sampling methodologies test predictive value response daily behaviors. We found that individuals who displayed greater dmPFC when viewing scenes spent more time around on a basis....

Adolescents routinely take risks that impact the well-being of friends they are with. However, it remains unclear when and how consequences for factor into decisions to risks. Here we used an economic decision-making task test whether risky choices guided by positive negative promise peers. Across a large developmental sample participants ages 12-25, show decision computations increasingly assimilate friends' outcomes throughout adolescence early adulthood in asymmetric manner overemphasizes...

As a social species, humans are acutely aware of cues that signal inclusionary status. This study characterizes behavioral and neural responses when individuals anticipate feedback. Across two fMRI studies, participants (n = 42) made judgments about supposed peers then received feedback from those individuals. Of particular interest was the activity occurring were awaiting During this anticipatory period, increased observed in ventral striatum, central component brain's reward circuitry,...

Adults titrate the degree of physical effort they are willing to expend according magnitude reward expect obtain, a process guided by incentive motivation. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents, who undergoing normative developmental changes in cognitive and processing, translate motivation into action way that is similarly tuned value economical utilization. The present study adapted classic paradigm quantify age-related motivation-based strategic markers exertion for monetary...

Real-world health and crime statistics indicate that adolescents are prone to engage in risks the presence of peers.Although this effect has been documented several lab studies, existing evidence varies psychological mechanisms give rise peer observation-induced shifts adolescent risky decisionmaking remain poorly understood.We conducted a systematic literature review meta-analysis quantify magnitude direct observation on decision-making adolescents.Across 186 sizes, representing data from...

Falls are common adverse events following hospital discharge. However, prevention programs not tailored for older patients transitioning home. To inform development of transitional fall programs, nine adults designated as being at risk falls during hospitalization who were recently discharged home asked about their perceptions and prevention, well knowledge opinion materials from the Centers Disease Control Prevention Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Initiative. Using...

Humans have a fundamental need for social relationships. From an evolutionary standpoint, the drive to form connections may evolved as adaptive mechanism promote survival, group membership afforded benefits of shared resources and security. Thus, rejection from groups is especially detrimental, rendering ability detect threats relationships respond in ways critical. Previous research indicates that exclusion alters cognition behavior specific initially appear contradictory. That is, although...

Humans have a fundamental need for social relationships. Rejection from groups is especially detrimental, rendering the ability to detect threats relationships and respond in adaptive ways critical. Indeed, previous research has shown that experiencing rejection alters processing of subsequent cues variety socially affiliative avoidant ways. Because perception cognition occurs spontaneously automatically, detecting may occur without conscious awareness or control. Here, we investigated...

Peer relationships and social belonging are particularly important during adolescence. Using a willingness-to-work paradigm to quantify incentive motivation, we examined whether evaluative information holds unique value for adolescents. Participants (N = 102; 12-23 years old) rated peers, predicted how peers them, exerted physical effort view each peer's rating. We measured grip force, speed, opt-out behavior examine the motivational of peer feedback, relative money in control condition,...

Recently, there has been growing interest in enhancing students' engagement with primary scientific literature to facilitate improved understanding of the process, enhance critical thinking skills, foster an appreciation for nuances empirical research, and ultimately help students become more discerning consumers information. We leveraged game-based learning principles develop innovative teaching activity designed promote reading analysis literature. In this prepared a mini-presentation on...

Adults titrate the degree of physical effort they are willing to expend according magnitude reward expect obtain, a process guided by incentive motivation. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents, who undergoing normative developmental changes in cognitive and processing, translate motivation into action way that is similarly tuned value economical utilization. The present study adapted classic paradigm quantify age-related motivation-based strategic markers exertion for monetary...

Peer relationships and social belonging are particularly important during adolescence. Using a willingness-to-work paradigm to quantify incentive motivation, we examined whether evaluative information holds unique value for adolescents. Participants (N=102; 12–23y) rated peers, predicted how peers them, exerted physical effort view each peer’s rating. We measured grip force, speed, opt-out behavior examine the motivational of peer feedback relative control condition money, desirability...

Abstract An important feature of adaptive social behavior is the ability to flexibly modify future actions based on successes or failures past experiences. The ventral striatum (VS) occupies a central role in shaping by using feedback evaluate and guide learning. current studies tested whether indicating need update knowledge would engage VS, thereby facilitating subsequent We also examined sensitivity these striatal signals value associated with group membership. Across two fMRI studies,...

The purpose of this study was to compare oxygen consumption (VO2) and energy expenditure from 20 min self selected submaximal exercise for four modes exercise. Eighteen subjects (9 male 9 female) first completed a test VO2max during treadmill running. On separate days, then running (TR), simulated cross-country skiing (XC), cycle ergometry (CE), aerobic riding (AR) Total VO2 were significantly higher TR than all other both males females (43.6 ± 10.4, 39.1 9.7, 36.1 7.6, 28.4 6.1, TR, XC, CE,...

Turbochargers are widely used to help reduce the environmental impact of automotive engines.However, a limiting factor for turbochargers is compressor surge.Surge an instability that induces pressure and flow oscillations often damages turbocharger its installation.Most predictions surge limit based on low-order models, such as Moore-Greitzer model.These models tend rely characteristic curve created by extrapolating constant speed lines steady-state map into negative mass region.However,...