Abstract Apathy is a common and disabling complication of Parkinson’s disease characterized by reduced goal-directed behaviour. Several studies have reported dysfunction within prefrontal cortical regions projections from brainstem nuclei whose neuromodulators include dopamine, serotonin noradrenaline. Work in animal human neuroscience confirmed contributions these on aspects motivated decision-making. Specifically, overlapping to encoding the value decisions, influence whether explore...

In monogenetic generalized forms of dystonia, in vitro neurophysiological recordings have demonstrated direct evidence for abnormal plasticity at the level cortico-striatal synapse. It is unclear whether similar abnormalities contribute to pathophysiology cervical most common type focal dystonia. We investigated synaptic contributes reward-learning behavior patients with Forty and 40 controls performed a reward gain loss avoidance reversal learning task. Participant's was fitted...

Every decision that we make involves a conflict between exploiting our current knowledge of an action’s value or exploring alternative courses action might lead to better, worse outcome. The sub-cortical nuclei up the basal ganglia have been proposed as neural circuit may contribute resolving this explore-exploit ‘dilemma’. To test hypothesis, examined effects neuromodulating ganglia’s output nucleus, globus pallidus interna, in patients who had undergone deep brain stimulation (DBS) for...

Patients with DYT1 dystonia caused by the mutated TOR1A gene exhibit risk neutral behaviour compared to controls who are averse in same reinforcement learning task. It is unclear whether this can be linked changes cortico-striatal plasticity demonstrated animal models which share mutation. We hypothesised that we could reproduce experimental taking using a model of basal ganglia under conditions where was abnormal. As dopamine exerts opposing effects on via different receptors expressed...

Phase response curves (PRCs), characterizing the of an oscillator to weak external perturbation, have been estimated from a broad range biological oscillators, including single neurons in vivo. PRC estimates, turn, provide intuitive insight into how oscillatory systems become entrained and they can be desynchronized. Here, we explore application theory case Parkinsonian tremor. Initial attempts establish causal effect subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation applied primary motor...

Abstract In monogenetic generalized forms of dystonia, in vitro neurophysiological recordings have demonstrated direct evidence for abnormal plasticity at the level cortico-striatal synapse. It is unclear whether similar abnormalities contribute to pathophysiology cervical most common type focal dystonia. We investigated synaptic contributes reward-learning behavior patients with Forty and forty controls performed a reward-gain loss-avoidance reversal learning task. Participant’s was fitted...

<h3>Objective</h3> To report the two-year clinical experience in Scotland treatment of essential tremor (ET) with Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS). <h3>Background</h3> MRgFUS is a recently established, non-incisional for ET, utilising high-intensity focused ultrasound waves to precisely target specific thalamic nuclei order suppress symptoms. <h3>Methods</h3> Thirty-three medication-refractory ET patients (5 female, 28 male; mean age 71.4 ± 6.79) underwent MRgFUS. We...

Transcranial MR guided Focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a recently approved treatment for patients with Essential Tremor (ET), the commonest movement disorder in clinical practice. In this review, we explain why thalamotomy has returned, how it performed, and outline basic eligibility criteria risks of procedure. The aim article to provide practical guide clinicians seeing ET as what they should consider before referring treatment.

Blown film processors, large and small, have limited resources in both capital manpower to devote optimizing their productivity. Yet avenues of improvement are open for even the most over-extended organization. And some effective modifications cost little more than a small change equipment orientation or procedures. A key aspect blown layout is line footprint determining how minimize maximize output with each integral piece on line. Multiple surface treatment systems every can control...

Abstract To make optimal decisions in uncertain circumstances flexible adaption of behaviour is required; exploring alternatives when the best choice unknown, exploiting what known that best. Using a detailed computational model basal ganglia, we propose switches between exploratory and exploitative can be mediated by interaction tonic dopamine cortical input to ganglia. We show biologically action selection circuit endowed with dependant striatal plasticity, optimally solve explore-exploit...

Treatment options for tremor remain limited despite it being the most common movement disorder encountered by neurologists. A significant limitation to development of new treatment strategies has been a lack understanding pathophysiology tremor–genesis. In this study we apply methodology previously used describe broad range oscillating biological systems, Phase Response Curve (PRC), characterise Parkinsonian tremor. We demonstrate that is possible manipulate on–going phase with low intensity...

A 61-year-old man developed progressive head drop, gait disturbance, shortness of breath, night sweats and weight loss. Investigations led to a treatable diagnosis. This report documents the clinicopathological conference at 43rd Edinburgh Clinical Neurology course 2022.

Abstract Apathy is a common and disabling complication of Parkinson’s disease characterised by reduced goal-directed behaviour. Several studies have reported dysfunction within pre-frontal cortical regions projections from brainstem nuclei whose neuromodulators include dopamine, serotonin noradrenaline. Work in animal human neuroscience confirmed contributions these on aspects motivated decision making. Specifically, non-dopaminergic neuromodulators, influence decisions to explore...

<h3>Background</h3> The recent discoveries of genes implicated in striatal dopamine transmission patients with cervical dystonia have emphasised the central role basal ganglia pathogenesis condition. Dopamine’s principle within striatum is to bias action selection function towards best outcome. Our hypothesis was that abnormalities neurotransmission would result a measurable reward based learning dystonia. <h3>Methods</h3> We used reversal task assess group 40 and age matched controls....

Introduction Dopamine transporter (DaT) scans are used in the investigation of clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes (CUPS). Presently, bilateral abnormal DaT diagnostic Parkinson’s disease and degenerative Parkinsonism, while normal suggest non-degenerative causes. However, clinical significance unilateral remains ambiguous. Therefore, we aimed to determine their relevance CUPS, hypothesised that they may presage Parkinsonism. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for...

Abstract Patients with dystonia caused by the mutated TOR1A gene exhibit a risk neutral behaviour compared to controls who are averse in same reinforcement learning task. We hypothesised this increased taking could be reproduced model which included biologically realistic striatal plasticity rules. aimed test whether specific combination of cortico-striatal abnormalities at D1 and D2 receptors explain abnormal behaviour. found generate simulated indistinguishable from patients only when both...

Abstract Every decision that we make involves a conflict between exploiting our current knowledge of an action’s value or exploring alternative courses action might lead to better, worse outcome. The sub-cortical nuclei up the basal ganglia have been proposed as neural circuit may contribute resolving this explore-exploit ‘dilemma’. To test hypothesis, examined effects neuromodulating ganglia’s output nucleus, globus pallidus interna, in patients who had undergone deep brain stimulation...

Ein Beitrag von Tom Gilbertson, VP Application Engineering bei Enercon, und Mark Plantier, Marketing beim Anbieter Vorbehandlungslösungen aus Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin