This paper investigates the application of a ground‐based laser scanning system for providing quantitative tree measurements in densely stocked plantation forests. A methodology is tested Kielder Forest, northern England using stands mature Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and structured mixture lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), standing at densities 600 2800 stems ha−1 respectively. Three scans, two one mixture, were collected Reigl Inc. LPM‐300VHS high‐speed scanner. Field recorded same time...

This paper employs data from selected sample survey areas in the northern Fertile Crescent to demonstrate how initial urbanization developed along several pathways. The first, during Late Chalcolithic period, was within a dense pattern of rural settlement. There followed profound shift settlement that resulted formation large walled or ramparted sites ('citadel cities') associated with more dynamic phase exemplified by short cycles growth and collapse. By later third millennium BC,...

In archaeological remote sensing, space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has not been used so far to monitor 'looting' (i.e. illegal excavations in heritage sites) mainly because of the spatial resolution SAR images, typically comparable ground dimensions looting features. This paper explores potential new TerraSAR-X beam mode Staring Spotlight (ST) investigate within a workflow radar backscattering change detection. A bespoke time series five single polarisation, ascending mode, ST...

Satellite surveys in Syria have made use of imagery recorded some 30 years apart. By comparing the earlier pictures (Corona) with later (Ikonos), sites captured on former can be accurately located by latter. The comparison also reveals stark implications for archaeology as large parts west Asian landscape change from a state ‘benign neglect’ to active redevelopment. Based their experience Homs survey, authors important advice offer design and costing using satellite imagery.

Global Forest Change datasets have the potential to assist countries with national forest measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) requirements. This paper assesses accuracy of data against nationally derived change by comparing loss estimates from global equivalent Guyana for period 2001–2017. To perform a meaningful comparison between these two datasets, initial year 2000 state needs first be matched definition land cover appropriate local setting. In Guyana, default 30% tree...

The declassification of CORONA high-resolution space photography has made a valuable new resource available for the study ancient landscapes. Using recent case-study from Syria, examples are given various ways in which imagery can significantly enhance regional survey work.

The forest-tundra ecotone (FTE) is the transition zone between northern boreal forest and Arctic tundra. In response to climate warming, forests may, as in past, migrate northwards with potential consequent increases tree growth, canopy density, stand productivity. Or they may perhaps remain stationary or even retreat. Such outcomes then influence energy balance well above below ground carbon stocks hence feedback Earth’s system. The Fennoscandian spans from predominantly...

This paper compares and contrasts predictions of forest height in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations based on medium‐resolution Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), high‐resolution IKONOS satellite imagery airborne Light Detection Ranging (LiDAR) data. The relationship between field‐measured LiDAR is linear highly significant (R2 0.98). Despite the difference spatial resolution radiometry ETM+ multi‐spectral data, strength field predicted using green spectral band was very...

Forest structural diversity metrics describing in tree size and crown shape within forest stands can be used as indicators of biodiversity. These generated using airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) data to provide a rapid cost effective alternative ground-based inspection. Measures height derived from LiDAR significantly affected by the canopy conditions at time collection, particular whether is under leaf-on or leaf-off conditions, but there have been no studies effects on metrics. The aim this...

Abstract Improved estimates of aboveground biomass (AGB) are required to improve our understanding the productivity mangrove forests support long-term conservation these fragile ecosystems which under threat from many natural and anthropogenic pressures. To understand how individual species affects in forests, five species-specific four genus-specific allometric models were developed. Independent tree inventory data collected 140 sample plots compare AGB among seven frequently used...

The increasing intensity and frequency of droughts under climate change demands effective ways to monitor drought impacts. We sought determine how different satellite remote sensing sources influence our ability identify temporal spatial impacts on European beech forest canopy health during intense events. Imagery from three series (MODIS, Landsat Sentinel-2) was used observe changes in the 2003 2018 Rhön Biosphere Reserve, central Germany. Monthly normalized difference vegetation index...

The relationship between reflectance and forest structure is investigated for 52 stands in Galloway. Height basal area are most strongly correlated with TM bands 3, 5 7 (R2 >= 0.77, P < 0.01). strength of these relationships decreases substantially after canopy closure has occurred. Stem density cannot be predicted from reflectance. Tree age can only reliably areas where growth uniform, which rare upland environments. Analysis imagery provides a cost effective method mapping certain...

Abstract Spectral filtering was compared with traditional mean spatial filters to assess their ability identify and remove striped artefacts in digital elevation data. The techniques were applied two datasets: a 100 m contour derived model (DEM) of southern Norway 2 LiDAR DSM the Lake District, UK. Both datasets contained diagonal data that found propagate into subsequent terrain analysis. used fast Fourier transformation (FFT) frequency these both datasets. These removed from by applying...

The first space mission to provide stereoscopic imagery of the Earth's surface was from American CORONA spy satellite program which it is possible generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs).CORONA and derived DEMs are most value in areas where conventional topographic maps poor quality, but problem has been that until recently, difficult assess their accuracy.This paper presents a methodology create high quality DEM using horizontal ground control Ikonos vertical map-based contour lines.Such...

Abstract Leaf chlorophyll content declines in response to environmental stressors and during natural senescence periods. Assessments of forest health vulnerability require repeated measurements quantify identify shifts the timing key phenological events. Although remote sensing is ideal for making reliable assess change over large areas, warning systems monitoring plant are lacking. To facilitate estimation from remotely sensed data, we define relationships between leaf spectral indices...

This paper compares evapotranspiration estimates from two complementary satellite sensors - NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ESA's ENVISAT Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) over the savannah area of Volta basin in West Africa. was achieved through solving for on basis regional energy balance equation, which computationally-driven by Surface Energy Balance Algorithm Land algorithm (SEBAL). The results showed that both are potentially good sources...

Global environmental changes are driving shifts in forest distribution across the globe with significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystem function. At upper elevational limit of distribution, patterns advance stasis can be highly spatially variable. Reliable estimations require assessments change to account variation treeline entire mountain ranges. Multispectral satellite remote sensing is well suited this purpose particularly valuable regions where scope field campaigns...