Summary Drought is a major constraint to crop production, and micro RNA s (mi s) play an important role in plant drought tolerance. Analysis of mi other classes small (s barley grown under water conditions reveals that selectively regulates expression s. Low‐expressed all repeat‐associated si (rasi tended towards down‐regulation, while t ‐derived (ts had the tendency be up‐regulated, drought. Antisense (putative did not have such In drought‐tolerant transgenic overexpressing DREB...

Abstract Background MicroRNAs are important components of the regulatory network biological systems and thousands have been discovered in both animals plants. Systematic investigations performed species with sequenced genomes such as Arabidopsis, rice, poplar Brachypodium provided insights into evolutionary relationships this class small RNAs among However, miRNAs from barley, one most cereal crops, remain unknown. Results We a large scale study barley through deep sequencing extracted...

Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in phosphate homeostasis. However, little known about P effect on miRNA expression barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In this study, we used Illumina's next-generation sequencing technology to sequence small RNAs (sRNAs) grown under P-deficient and P-sufficient conditions. We identified 221 conserved miRNAs 12 novel miRNAs, of which 55 were only present treatment while 32 existed treatment. Total 47 significantly...

Abstract Genetic variation in phosphorus (P) efficiency exists among wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes, but the underlying mechanisms for remain elusive. High- low-affinity phosphate (Pi) PHT1 transporters play an indispensable role P acquisition remobilization. However, little is known about genetic gene expression association with (PAE) utilization (PUE). Here, we present quantitative analyses of transcript levels high- Pi four genotypes differing PAE. The...

The availability of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies plays now a pivotal role in the expression profiling known small RNAs and discovery novel classes non-coding RNA [1]. Over last decade, both plants animals notable number have been described [2, 3]. It became apparent that biogenesis microRNAs other classes, their contribution to gene regulation mechanisms cellular control are more complex than previously envisioned. Therefore, apart from microRNA detection, analysis an...

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) infects a very wide range of plant species (>1000 species). We recently demonstrated that previously undescribed gene (2b) encoded by RNA 2 the tripartite genome CMV is required for systemic virus spread and disease induction in its hosts. Herein we report when this replaced homologue from tomato aspermy (TAV), resultant hybrid significantly more virulent, induces earlier onset symptoms, accumulates to higher level seven host three families than either...

For accurate and reliable gene expression analysis using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qPCR), the selection of appropriate reference genes as an internal control for normalization is crucial. We hypothesized that non-coding, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) would be stably expressed in different barley varieties under experimental treatments, tissues at developmental stages plant growth therefore might prove to suitable both microRNAs (miRNAs) mRNAs. In this study, we...

The approximately 12-kDa 2b protein, encoded by all cucumoviruses, had been shown to play an important role in viral long-distance movement, hypervirulence, and suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing. the hypervirulence Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) whether was linked movement were analyzed using a hybrid (CMV-qw), generated replacing subgroup II strain, Q-CMV, with from IA WAII-CMV. CMV-qw more virulent than Q-CMV or WAII-CMV on most host plant species tested. Northern blot...

Transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and other functional non-coding (sRNAs) are important gene regulators. Comparison of sRNA expression profiles between transgenic barley over-expressing a drought tolerant TF (TaDREB3) non-transgenic control revealed many group-specific sRNAs. In addition, 42% the shared sRNAs were differentially expressed two groups (|log2| >1). Furthermore, TaDREB3-derived only detected in despite existence homologous genes...

Viral satellite RNAs (satRNAs) are small subviral and depend on the helper virus for replication spread. satRNAs can attenuate virus-induced symptoms, mechanism of which remains unclear. Here, we show that two virus-encoded suppressors RNA silencing (VSRs), Cucumber mosaic (CMV) 2b Tombusvirus P19, suppress hairpin (hpRNA)-induced a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene in Nicotiana benthamiana. This suppression be overcome by CMV Y-satellite (Y-Sat) via Y-Sat-derived interfering (siRNAs), bind to VSRs...

Pseudorecombinant viruses (i.e., those containing a reas-sorted genome of closely related multipartite viruses) are often not as competitive the parental viruses. The role 2b gene in hypervirulence and maintenance progressive infection was assessed pseudorecombinant virus formed between RNAs 1 plus 2 Cucumber mosaic (CMV) RNA 3 Tomato aspermy (TAV). presence TAV found to affect level accumulation but virulence. By contrast, genes both hypervirulent strain CMV (WAII-CMV) were virulence levels...

An improved version of the previously obtained cloning vector pCass was constructed by partially duplicating 35S promoter used to drive transient transcription cloned viral cDNAs. Full- length cDNAs three genomic RNAs tomato aspermy cucumovirus (TAV) in this (designated pCass2) gave a 3-fold higher infectivity two plant species tested than same pCass1 with only single promoter. Host range, symptoms, morphology particles and progeny induced these sets infectious cDNA clones analysed were...

We recently reported the molecular characterization and functional analysis of an overlapping gene 2b encoded by RNA 2 Q strain cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (Q-CMV). show here that homologous V tomato aspermy (V-TAV) WAII CMV (WAII-CMV), which is in a different subgroup to Q-CMV, also expressed vivo demonstrating accumulation mRNA (RNA 4A) its protein infected plants. Interestingly, 4A V-TAV encapsidated virions as found previously for Q-CMV whereas WAII-CMV contains very little virions. As...

Summary Drought is the most serious abiotic stress, and causes crop losses on a worldwide scale. The present study identified previously unknown micro RNA (designated as hvu‐mi RX ) of 21 nucleotides (nt) in length barley. Its precursor pre‐mi primary transcript pri‐mi were also identified, with lengths 73 559 nt, respectively. upstream sequence contained both TATA box CAAT box, which are required for initiation transcription. Transient promoter activation assays showed that core region...

Summary A region encoding the putative RNA replicase domain of Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) was amplified from infected grapevine samples using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Two different sizes specific PCR products were consistently detected in varieties same pair primers. We selected four reference vines and carried out nucleotide sequence analysis. The size small product 353 nucleotides (nt) that large 416 nt. Database search showed both shared a high homology...

Various small RNA (sRNA) sizes and varieties have been identified, but their relationship as well with origins allocations not understood or investigated. By comparing sRNAs generated from two barley cultivars, Golden Promise (GP) Pallas, we identified that the generation of different types in was locus-, chromosome- and/or cultivar-dependent. 20-nt mainly comprising miRNAs chloroplast-derived were significantly over-expressed Pallas vs. GP on chromosomes 3H 6H. MiRNAs-enriched 21-nt only...

Forkhead transcription factors play a key role in embryonic patterning during development. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two forkhead factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, regulate the of CLB2 cluster genes important for mitosis. reduces, whereas Fkh2 elevates, genes. However, mechanism this observation remains unclear. each contain domain (DNA-binding domain, DBD) forkhead-associated (FHAD), possesses an extra C' containing six consensus cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation sites. present study, roles...

Wheat is one of the most important food sources on Earth. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play roles in wheat productivity. To identify miRNAs as well their expression profiles under drought condition, we constructed and sequenced small RNA (sRNA) libraries from leaves roots three cultivars (Kukri, RAC875 Excalibur) water conditions. A total 636 known 294 novel were identified, which 34 tissue- or cultivar-specific. Among these, 314 significantly regulated that drought-regulated all displayed notably...

Abstract Two yeast forkhead transcription factors Fkh1 and Fkh2 regulate the of CLB2 cluster genes important for mitosis. Both proteins contain a DNA‐binding domain (DBD) forkhead‐associated (FHAD), which are essential ternary complex formation with factor Mcm1, physical interaction Ndd1 Clb2. also contains an additional C′ that six consensus Cdk phosphorylation sites, but function this is dispensable. Here, we found new roles DBD, FHAD, in cellular functions. The DBD determines genetic NDD1...