Abstract The visual receptive field physiology and anatomical connections of the lateral intraparietal area (area LIP), a visuomotor in bank inferior parietal lobule, were investigated cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ). Afferent input physiological properties 5 neurons medial sulcus (i.e., PEa) also determined. Area LIP is composed two myeloarchitectonic zones: ventral zone (LIPv), which densely myelinated, lightly myelinated dorsal (LIPd) adjacent to 7a. Previous single‐unit...

There is growing evidence that impaired sensory-processing significantly contributes to the cognitive deficits found in schizophrenia. For example, mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a event-related potentials (ERPs), neurophysiological indices of sensory function, are reduced schizophrenia patients may be used as biomarkers disease. In agreement with glutamatergic theories schizophrenia, NMDA antagonists, such ketamine, elicit many symptoms when administered normal subjects, including...

Optogenetics combines optics and genetics to control neuronal activity with cell-type specificity millisecond temporal precision. Its use in model organisms such as rodents, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans is now well-established. However, application of this technology nonhuman primates (NHPs) has been slow develop. One key challenge the delivery viruses light brain through thick dura mater NHPs, which can only be penetrated large-diameter devices that damage brain. The opacity NHP...

Population codes assume that neural systems represent sensory inputs through the firing rates of populations differently tuned neurons. However, trial-by-trial variability and noise correlations are known to affect information capacity codes. Although recent studies have shown stimulus presentation reduces both rate with respect their spontaneous level, possibly improving encoding accuracy, whether these second order statistics is unknown. If so, second-order could themselves carry...

Cholecystokinin (CCK)-like peptides when administered intravenously produce 2 distinct actions on the single-unit activity of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons in rat: an excitatory action and a potentiation inhibitory effects DA agonists. The ability several CCK fragments that have been shown to bind selectively peripheral and/or central CCK-binding sites were examined for their induce either excitation or DA. Only sulfated CCK-8 was able neurons, but both unsulfated CCK-8, as well CCK-4,...

Significance Primate visual cortex is organized into columns that process different features of a scene, such as color, orientation preference, and ocular dominance. Until now, their small size has made it difficult to modulate them directly. Here, we report for the first time focal targeting light-sensitive ion channels (channelrhodopsins) in macaques using lentiviral vectors allows one stimulate functional domains. We show targeted stimulation leads selective activation anatomically...

A group of arylalkyl isothiocyanates were tested for their abilities to inhibit tumorigenicity and DNA methylation induced by the esophageal-specific carcinogen, N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) in F344 rat esophagus. Phenylpropyl isothiocyanate (PPITC) was more potent than either phenylethyl (PEITC) or benzyl (BITC). Phenylbutyl (PBITC), however, had a lesser inhibitory effect on esophageal tumorigenesis, phenylhexyl (PHITC) actually enhanced tumorigenesis. Thus, two- three-carbon...

Visual motion can be represented in terms of the dynamic visual features retinal image or moving surfaces environment that give rise to these features. For natural images, two types representation are necessarily quite different because many only spuriously related scene. Such "extrinsic" arise at occlusion boundaries and may detected by virtue depth-ordering cues exist those boundaries. Although a number studies have provided evidence impact depth ordering on perception motion, few attempts...

Abstract The problem of processing visual motion is underconstrained-many possible real world motions are compatible with any given dynamic retinal image. Recent psychophysical and neurophysiological experiments have shown that the primate system's normally veridical interpretation moving patterns attained through utilization image segmentation cues unrelated to per se. These findings challenge notions modularity in which it assumed specific scene properties, such as motion, can be studied...

The perceptual interpretation of a given visual feature depends on the surrounding context. To explore neural mechanisms underlying such contextual interactions in motion domain, we studied responses neurons middle temporal area (MT) macaque monkeys while presenting variety center-surround stimuli that stimulated both classical receptive field (CRF) and surround. In human psychophysical experiments, impact surround stimulus center varied from capture (“integration”) to contrast...

Abstract Treatment of tuberculin‐sensitive guinea pig spleen or lymph node cells with a burro anti‐T cell serum plus complement diminished markedly number functionally detectable T cells, but did not affect the amount migration inhibitory factor (MIF) lymphotoxin produced by residual cell‐depleted populations.

The study of immunity to viruses has made some remarkable contributions our present understanding immune mechanisms. Historically, the first descriptions delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and immunologic memory were given by Jenner in 1798 his “An Enquiry into Causes Effects Variolae vacciniae,” which he observed, “It is that variolus matter, when system disposed reject it, should excite inflammation more speedily than it produces Small Pox.” In 1908, von Pirquet reported suppression...

Faced with an overwhelming amount of sensory information, we are able to prioritize the processing select spatial locations and visual features. The neuronal mechanisms underlying such feature-based selection have been studied in considerable detail. More recent work shows that attention can also be allocated objects, even spatially superimposed objects composed dynamically changing features must integrated create a coherent object representation. Much less is known about object-based...