We used differences in small subunit ribosomal RNA genes to identify groups of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that are active the colonisation plant roots growing arable fields around North Yorkshire, UK. Root samples were collected from four and crop species, fungal sequences amplified individual plants by polymerase chain reaction using primers NS31 AM1. The products cloned 303 clones classified their restriction pattern with HinfI or RsaI; 72 subsequently sequenced. Colonisation was...

* Knowledge of the diversity arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in natural ecosystems is a major bottleneck ecology. Here, we aimed to apply 454 sequencing--providing new level descriptive power--to assess AMF boreonemoral forest. sequencing reads small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene Glomeromycota were assigned sequence groups by blast searches against custom-made annotated database. We detected 47 taxa roots 10 plant species x m plot, which almost same as number whole studied There...

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are biotrophic symbionts colonizing about two‐thirds of land plant species and found in all ecosystems. They major importance nutrient supply their diversity is suggested to be an important determinant community composition. The the AM fungal composition roots two ( Agrostis capillaris Trifolium repens ) that co‐occurred same grassland ecosystem was characterized using molecular techniques. We analysed small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene...

The microbial processes of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are two important reducing mechanisms in soil, which responsible for the loss (NO3-¬) production potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). A number factors known control these processes, including O2 concentrations moisture content, N, C, pH size community structure organisms processes. There is an increasing understanding associated with many controls on flux through nitrogen cycle soil...

The regeneration of bioavailable phosphate from immobilized organophosphorus represents a key process in the global phosphorus cycle and is facilitated by enzymes known as phosphatases. Most bacteria possess at least one three phosphatases with broad substrate specificity, PhoA, PhoX, PhoD, whose activity optimal under alkaline conditions. production these repressed availability. Therefore, they are only fully functional when experience phosphorus-limiting growth Here, we reveal previously...

Abstract. 1. Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum , harbour a range of facultative accessory bacteria (secondary symbionts), including those informally known as PASS (R‐type), PAR, PABS (T‐type), and PAUS (U‐type). 2. To explore the relationship between possession these ecologically important traits A. correlations found in 47 parthenogenetic clones host plant on which each clone was collected its susceptibility to natural enemies were surveyed. 3. The bacterial complement varied with collection....

We investigated whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities in plant roots are random subsets of the local taxon pool or they reflect action certain community assembly rules. studied AMF small subunit rRNA gene sequence groups individuals belonging to 11 temperate forest understorey species. Empirical data were compared with null models assuming association. Distinct species pools present young and old successional forest. In both types, richness plant-AMF associations was lower...

* Here, the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was determined in a boreal herb-rich coniferous forest relation to environmental variables. Root samples five plant species (Fragaria vesca, Galeobdolon luteum, Hepatica nobilis, Oxalis acetosella and Trifolium pratense) were analysed from stands differing age management intensity. Thirty-four Glomeromycota taxa (small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence groups) detected 90 root (911 clones), including eight new taxa....

ABSTRACT Molecular analysis of grassland rhizosphere soil has demonstrated complex and diverse bacterial communities, with resultant difficulties in detecting links between plant communities. These studies have, however, analyzed “bulk” soil, rather than rhizoplane which interact most closely plants through utilization root exudates. The aim this study was to test the hypothesis that species a major driver for community composition on individual roots. DNA extracted from roots used determine...

Societal Impact Statement Production and heavy application of chemical‐based fertilizers to maintain crop yields is unsustainable due pollution from run‐off, high CO 2 emissions, diminishing yield returns. Access will be limited in the future rising energy costs dwindling rock phosphate resources. A growing number companies produce sell arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculants, intended help reduce fertilizer usage by facilitating nutrient uptake through mycorrhizas. However, their...

ABSTRACT The bacterial communities of aphids were investigated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis 16S rRNA gene fragments generated PCR with general eubacterial primers. By both methods, theγ -proteobacterium Buchnera was detected in laboratory cultures six parthenogenetic lines the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum one line black bean Aphis fabae , or more four previously described taxa also all except A. . These latter...

We assess whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve growth, nutritional status, phenology, flower and fruit production, disease resistance in woody perennial crops using apple (Malus pumila) as a study system. In fully factorial experiment, young trees were grown for three years with or without AMF (Funneliformis mosseae Rhizophagus irregularis), industrial standard fertiliser applications restricted (10% of standard). use two commercial scions (Dabinett, Michelin) rootstocks...