Immersive technologies, such as virtual and augmented reality, initially failed to live up expectations, but have improved greatly, with many new head-worn displays associated applications being released over the past few years. Unfortunately, ‘cybersickness’ remains a common user problem that must be overcome if mass adoption is realized. This article evaluates state of research on this problem, identifies challenges addressed, formulates an updated cybersickness development (R&D) agenda....

Abstract Conscious awareness of negative cues is thought to enhance emotion-regulatory capacity, but the neural mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. Using continuous flash suppression (CFS) in MRI scanner, we manipulated visual fearful faces during an affect misattribution paradigm, which preferences for neutral objects can be biased by valence a previously presented stimulus. The amygdala responded independently awareness. However, when was prevented, individuals with greater...

Severity of motion sickness varies across individuals. While some experience immediate symptoms, others seem relatively immune. We explored a potential explanation for such individual variability based on cue conflict theory. According to theory, sensory signals that lead mutually incompatible perceptual interpretations will produce physical discomfort. A direct consequence theory is individuals with greater sensitivity visual (or vestibular) cues should show susceptibility, because they...

Emotions can color people’s attitudes toward unrelated objects in the environment. Existing evidence suggests that such emotional coloring is particularly strong when emotion-triggering information escapes conscious awareness. But reactivity stronger after nonconscious provocation than provocation, or does processing specifically change association between and evaluations of objects? In this study, we independently indexed as a function emotional-stimulus awareness to disentangle these...

Abstract Metacognitive awareness—the ability to know that one is having a particular experience—is thought guide optimal behavior, but its neural bases continue be the subject of vigorous debate. Prior work has identified correlations between perceptual metacognitive and structure function lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC); however, evidence for causal role this region in promoting metacognition controversial. Moreover, whether LPFC promotes awareness emotional features complex, yet...

Encoding the motion of objects through three spatial dimensions is a fundamental challenge for visual system. Two binocular cues could contribute to perception depth: changes in horizontal disparity (CD) and interocular velocity differences (IOVD). Although conceptually distinct, both are typically present when real move. Direct experimental isolation putative IOVD cue has remained elusive, it therefore unclear what extent system relies on it. We have found that binocularly anticorrelated...

The movement of an object toward or away from the head is perhaps most critical piece information organism can extract its environment. Such 3D motion produces horizontally opposite motions on two retinae. Little known about how where visual system combines these retinal signals, relative to wealth knowledge neural hierarchies involved in 2D processing and binocular vision. Canonical conceptions primate assert that neurons early combine monocular inputs into a single cyclopean stream...

The visual system develops abnormally when input is absent or degraded during a critical period early in life. Restoration of the later life generally thought to have limited benefit because will lack sufficient plasticity adapt and utilize information from eyes. Recent evidence, however, shows that congenitally blind adolescents can recover both low-level higher-level function following surgery. In this study, we assessed behavioral performance acuity face perception task alongside...

Two binocular cues are thought to underlie the visual perception of three-dimensional (3D) motion: a disparity-based cue, which relies on changes in disparity over time, and velocity-based interocular velocity differences. The respective building blocks these cues, instantaneous retinal motion, exhibit very distinct spatial temporal signatures. Although two synchronous naturally moving objects, mechanisms can be dissociated experimentally. We therefore investigated how relative contributions...

Sensory systems are faced with an essentially infinite number of possible environmental events but have limited processing resources. Posed this challenge, it makes sense to allocate these resources prioritize the discrimination most behavioral relevance. Here, we asked if such relevance is reflected in and perception motion. We compared human performance on a rapid motion direction task, including monocular binocular viewing. In particular, determined sensitivity bias for motion-in-depth...

<title>Abstract</title> Microsaccades and pupil dynamics exhibit canonical temporal profiles, providing insights into perceptual cognitive processes. are typically suppressed with respect to expected stimulus onset followed by a rebound baseline rates. Here, we investigated whether how the of microsaccades dilation vary task difficulty for motion perception task. We hypothesized that jointly delays microsaccade rates time peak when discriminating direction. Human observers discriminated...

How does the brain process 3D motion? Here, we focused on human motion complex (hMT+), extending insights from monkey studies. Using 3D-motion stimuli containing perspective and/or stereoscopic cues, investigated hierarchy within in humans of both sexes to understand neural mechanisms underlying perception. On each trial decoded direction (toward/away) based BOLD response primary visual cortex (V1), and areas MT, MST, FST hMT+. We found that could be reliably all four areas, but with...

3D motion perception is of central importance to daily life. However, when tested in laboratory settings, sensitivity signals found be poor, leading the view that heuristics and prior assumptions are critical for perception. Here we explore an alternative: context-dependent must learned based on explicit visual feedback novel environments. The need action-contingent well-established developmental literature. For example, young kittens passively moved through environment, but unable move it...

Amblyopia is associated with a broad array of perceptual and neural abnormalities in the visual system, particularly untreated or unsuccessfully treated populations. Traditionally, it has been believed that are confined to cortex subcortex (e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus). Here, we investigate presence neuroanatomical earlier stream, optic nerves tracts, participants two predominant forms amblyopia.We used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging probabilistic tractography compare...

Optimal functioning in everyday life requires the ability to override reflexive emotional responses and prevent affective spillover situations or people unrelated source of emotion. In current study, we investigated whether lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) causally regulates influence information on subsequent judgments. We disrupted left lPFC function using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recorded electroencephalography (EEG) before after. Subjects evaluated likeability novel...

Delirium, memory loss, attention deficit and fatigue are frequently reported by COVID survivors, yet the neurological pathways underlying these symptoms not well understood. To study possible mechanisms for long-term sequelae after COVID-19 recovery, we investigated microstructural properties of white matter in Indian cohorts COVID-recovered patients healthy controls. For cross-sectional presented here, recruited 44 29 controls New Delhi, India. Using deterministic whole-brain tractography...

Abstract The fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (FST) in macaque monkeys is implicated processing complex motion signals, yet a human homolog remains elusive. To better understand neural mechanisms underlying analysis signals humans, it crucial to if and where region homologous FST exists. Here, we considered potential localizers evaluated their effectiveness delineating putative (pFST) from two nearby motion-sensitive areas, hMT MST, humans. Nine participants underwent fMRI scanning...

Intercepting and avoiding moving objects requires accurate motion-in-depth (MID) perception. Such motion can be estimated based on both binocular monocular cues. Because previous studies largely characterized sensitivity to these cues individually, their relative contributions MID perception remain unclear. Here we measured binocular, monocular, combined cue stimuli using a coherence paradigm. We first confirmed prior reports of substantial variability in across the visual field. The were...

The discriminability of motion direction is asymmetric, with some directions that are better discriminated than others. For example, discrimination near the cardinal axes (upward/downward/leftward/rightward) tends to be oblique directions. Here, we tested for multiple at polar angle locations. We found three systematic asymmetries. First, a large advantage in cartesian reference frame – Second, moderate radial (inward/outward) and tangential (clockwise/counterclockwise) other Third, small...

Motion aftereffects are historically considered evidence for neuronal populations tuned to specific directions of motion. Despite a wealth motion aftereffect studies investigating 2D (frontoparallel) mechanisms, there is remarkable dearth psychophysical selective the direction through depth (i.e., 3D motion). We compared effects prolonged viewing unidirectional under dichoptic and monocular conditions found large that could not be explained by simple inheritance aftereffects. These results...