Nicotiana benthamiana is a widely used model plant species for the study of fundamental questions in molecular plant-microbe interactions and other areas biology. This popularity derives from its well-characterized susceptibility to diverse pathogens and, especially, amenability virus-induced gene silencing transient protein expression methods. Here, we report generation 63-fold coverage draft genome sequence N. availability on Sol Genomics Network both BLAST searches downloading local...

Homologues of the yeast ubiquitin ligase-associated protein SGT1 are required for disease resistance in plants mediated by nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins. Here, silencing Nicotiana benthamiana, we extend these findings and demonstrate that has an unexpectedly general role resistance. It is responses NBS-LRR other R proteins which pathogen-derived elicitors recognized either inside or outside host plant cell. A requirement also exists nonhost all known members...

Plant genomes encode large numbers of nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins, many which are active in pathogen detection and defense response induction. NB-LRR proteins fall into two broad classes: those with a Toll interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain at their N-terminus coiled-coil (CC) the N-terminus. Within CC-NB-LRR-encoding genes, one basal clade is distinguished by having CC domains resembling Arabidopsis thaliana RPW8 protein, we refer to as CCR domains. Here, show...

Summary Rx in potato encodes a protein with nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine‐rich repeats (LRR) that confers resistance against Potato virus X. The NBS LRR domains are present many disease proteins plants regulators of apoptosis animals. To investigate structure‐function relationships NBS‐LRR we exploited the potential to mediate cell death response. With wild‐type is elicited only presence viral coat protein. However, following random mutagenesis , identified mutants which...

Abstract Plant nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins contain a region of homology known as the ARC domain located between NB LRR domains. Structural modeling suggests that can be subdivided into ARC1 ARC2 We have used potato (Solanum tuberosum) Rx protein, which confers resistance to Potato virus X (PVX), investigate function region. demonstrate is required for N terminus domain. Domain-swap experiments with homologous disease gene, Gpa2, showed PVX recognition...

Plant genomes encode large numbers of nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins, some which mediate the recognition pathogen-encoded proteins. Following recognition, initiation a resistance response is thought to be mediated by domains present at N termini NB-LRR either Toll Interleukin-1 Receptor or coiled-coil (CC) domain. In order understand role CC domain in function, we have undertaken systematic structure-function analysis potato (Solanum tuberosum) CC-NB-LRR protein...

RNA-silencing mechanisms control many aspects of gene regulation including the detection and degradation viral RNA through action of, among others, Dicer-like Argonaute (AGO) proteins. However, extent to which silencing restricts virus host range has been difficult separate from other factors that can affect virus-plant compatibility. Here we show Potato X (PVX) infect Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is normally a nonhost for PVX, if coinfected with second virus, Pepper ringspot virus....

Plant NB-LRR proteins confer robust protection against microbes and metazoan parasites by recognizing pathogen-derived avirulence (Avr) that are delivered to the host cytoplasm. Microbial Avr usually function as virulence factors in compatible interactions; however, little is known about types of recognized their relationship with virulence. In this report, we demonstrate secreted protein RBP-1 from potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida elicits defense responses, including cell death...

Summary Race‐specific disease resistance in plants is mediated by the products of host ( R ) genes. Plant genomes possess hundreds gene homologs encoding nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat (NB‐LRR) proteins. NB‐LRR proteins induce a response following recognition pathogen‐encoded avirulence (Avr) However, little known about general mechanisms which recognize Avr or how they subsequently defense responses. The Rx protein potato confers to virus X (PVX). Using co‐purification strategy,...

Active resistance to viruses is afforded by plant disease (R) genes, which encode proteins with nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. Upon recognition of pathogen-derived elicitors, these NB-LRR are thought initiate a number signaling pathways that lead pathogen restriction. However, little known about the molecular mechanisms ultimately curtail virus accumulation. Here, we show co-expression protein its cognate elicitor results in an antiviral response inhibits...

Abstract ARGONAUTE proteins (AGOs) are known to be key components of the RNA silencing mechanism in eukaryotes that, among other functions, serves protect against viral invaders. Higher plants encode at least 10 individual AGOs yet role played by many silencing-related antiviral defense is largely unknown, except for reports that AGO1, AGO2, and AGO7 play an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In plant virus model host Nicotiana benthamiana, Tomato bushy stunt (TBSV) P19 suppressor mutants...

RNA silencing functions as an antiviral defense through the action of DICER-like (DCL) and ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins. In turn, plant viruses have evolved strategies to counteract this mechanism, including expression suppressors silencing. Potato virus X (PVX) does not systemically infect Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0, but is able do so effectively in mutants lacking at least two four DCL PVX can also ago2 mutants, albeit less than double suggesting that additional AGO proteins may mediate...

A major antiviral mechanism in plants is mediated by RNA silencing, which relies on the cleavage of viral dsRNA into virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) DICER-like enzymes. Members Argonaute (AGO) family endonucleases then use these vsiRNA as guides to target RNA. This can result a phenomenon known recovery, whereby plant silences gene expression and recovers from symptoms. Endogenous mRNAs also be targeted vsiRNAs virus-induced silencing (VIGS). Although related other mechanisms,...

Abstract The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) callose synthase genes CalS11-like and CalS12-like encode proteins that are essential for the formation of callose, a major component pollen mother cell walls; these enzymes also function in during pathogen infection. This article describes targeting mRNAs by small RNA derived from virulence modulating region two Potato spindle tuber viroid variants. More specifically, infection plants resulted suppression target up to 1.5-fold, depending on variant...

Apple ( X Borkh.) is one of the world's most valuable fruit crops. Its large size and long juvenile phase make it a particularly promising candidate for marker-assisted selection (MAS). However, advances in MAS apple have been limited by lack phenotype genotype data from sufficiently samples. To establish genotype-phenotype relationships advance apple, we extracted over 24,000 scores USDA-Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database linked them with 8000 single nucleotide...

Plant resistance to pathogens is tuned by defense-related hormones. Of these, abscisic acid (ABA) well documented moderate against fungi and bacteria. However, ABA's contribution viruses pleiotropic. ABA affects callose deposition at plasmodesmata (therefore hindering the viral cell-to-cell movement), but here, we show that when synthase down-regulated, still induces infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV). By examining potential connections between RNA-silencing pathways in Arabidopsis...

An important branch of plant immunity involves the recognition pathogens by nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins. However, signaling events downstream NB-LRR activation are poorly understood. We have analysed Arabidopsis translatome using ribosome affinity purification and RNA sequencing. Our results show that translational status hundreds transcripts is differentially affected upon protein RPM1, showing an overall pattern a switch away from growth-related activities to...

Abstract Many plant pathogens induce water-soaked lesions in infected tissues. In the case of Pseudomonas syringae ( Pst ), water-soaking effectors stimulate abscisic acid (ABA) production and signaling, resulting stomatal closure. This reduces transpiration, increases water accumulation, induces an apoplastic microenvironment favorable for bacterial growth. Stomata are sensitive to environmental conditions, including light. Here, we show that a period darkness is required water-soaking,...