Summary: We present Serial SimCoal, a program that models population genetic data from multiple time points, as with ancient DNA data. An extension of SIMCOAL, it also allows simultaneous modeling complex demographic histories, and migration between populations. Further, we incorporate statistical package to calculate relevant summary statistics, which, for the first users investigate power provided by, conduct hypothesis-testing with, explore sample size limitations Availability: Source...

Summary 1. Heterochronous data have been used to study demographic changes in epidemiology and ancient DNA studies, revolutionizing our understanding of complex evolutionary processes such as invasions, migrations responses drugs or climate change. While there are sophisticated applications based on Markov‐Chain Monte Carlo Approximate Bayesian Computation these through time, summarizing the raw genetic an intuitively meaningful graphic can be challenging, most notably if identical...

Nonlinearity is important and ubiquitous in ecology. Though detectable principle, nonlinear behavior often difficult to characterize, analyze, incorporate mechanistically into models of ecosystem function. One obvious reason that quantitative analysis tools are data intensive (require long time series), series ecology generally short. Here we demonstrate a useful method circumvents limitation reduces sampling error by combining ecologically similar multispecies one series. With this...

In this study, we used high-resolution echocardiographic systems to investigate how early in pregnancy normal fetal cardiac anatomy could be noninvasively evaluated. Over a 2-year period, 84 of 88 fetuses were successfully imaged (27 studied serially). Postnatal images 73 obtained during the newborn period. Estimated age varied at initial examination from 19-41 weeks (mean +/- 0.5 [+/- SEM]) pregnancy. weight using an ultrasound algorithm 500-3100 g 1580 80 SEM]). To evaluate anatomy,...

We extend the discrete Regge action of causal dynamical triangulations to include versions curvature squared terms appearing in continuum (2+1)-dimensional projectable Horava-Lifshitz gravity. Focusing on an ensemble spacetimes whose spacelike hypersurfaces are 2-spheres, we employ Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations study path integral defined by this extended action. demonstrate existence known and novel macroscopic phases spacetime geometry, present preliminary evidence for consistency...

Extinctions can dramatically reshape biological communities. As a case in point, ancient mass extinction events apparently facilitated dramatic new evolutionary radiations of surviving lineages. However, scientists have yet to fully understand the consequences more recent upheaval, such as megafaunal extinctions that occurred globally over past 50 kyr. New Zealand was world's last large landmass be colonized by humans, and its exceptional archaeological record documents vast number...

In this first application of the approximate Bayesian computation approach using serial coalescent, we demonstrated estimation historical demographic parameters from ancient DNA. We estimated timing and severity a population bottleneck in an endemic subterranean rodent, Ctenomys sociabilis, over last 10,000 y two cave sites northern Patagonia, Argentina. Understanding bottlenecks is important both conservation evolutionary biology. Conservation implications include maintenance genetic...

To assess the effectiveness of selegiline transdermal system (STS) in reversing HIV-induced metabolic brain injury (as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy [MRS]) and decreasing oxidative stress, CSF protein carbonyl concentration.Sixty-two subjects with HIV-associated cognitive impairment were coenrolled a 24-week placebo-controlled study (AIDS Clinical Trial Group protocol A5090) randomly assigned to receive STS 3 mg/24 h, 6 or matching placebo. Cognitive performance was...

Sunspot activity is highly variable and challenging to forecast. Yet forecasts are important, since peak has profound effects on major geophysical phenomena including space weather (satellite drag, telecommunications outages) even been correlated speculatively with changes in global patterns. This paper investigates trends sunspot activity, using new techniques for decadal-scale prediction of the present solar cycle (cycle 24). First, Hurst exponent H analysis used investigate...

Non-traditional, relaxed consistency, triple store databases are the backbone of many web companies (e.g., Google Big Table, Amazon Dynamo, and Facebook Cassandra). The Apache Accumulo database is a high performance open source consistency that widely used for government applications. Obtaining full benefits requires using novel schemas. Dynamic Distributed Dimensional Data Model (D4M)[http://www.mit.edu/~kepner/D4M] provides uniform mathematical framework based on associative arrays...

One of the grand goals historical biogeography is to understand how and why species' population sizes distributions change over time. Multiple types data drawn from disparate fields, combined into a single modelling framework, are necessary document changes in species's demography distribution, determine drivers responsible for change. Yet truly integrated approaches challenging rarely performed. Here, we discuss framework that integrates spatio-temporal fossil data, ancient DNA,...

The multispecies coalescent (MSC) model provides a compelling framework for building phylogenetic trees from multilocus DNA sequence data. pure MSC is best thought of as special case so-called "multispecies network coalescent" models, in which gene flow allowed among branches the tree, whereas methods assume there no between diverging species. Early implementations MSC, such "parsimony" or "democratic vote" approaches to combining information multiple trees, well concatenation, sequences are...

Abstract Chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) activity budget, terrestriality, and sun exposure were found to be influenced by the immediate environmental temperature. Thirty adult chimpanzees in Budongo Forest, Uganda, observed for 247 h. Temperatures shade sun, sky cover, exposure, activity, terrestriality recorded at 5‐min intervals <15 m from center of party. Terrestriality frequency was 26.5% females 41.5% males. resting both show a significant positive correlation with...

The expansion of humans into previously unoccupied parts the globe is thought to have driven decline and extinction numerous vertebrate species. In New Zealand, human settlement in late thirteenth century AD led rapid demise a distinctive fauna, also number 'turnover' events where extinct lineages were subsequently replaced by closely related taxa. recent genetic detection an Australian little penguin ( Eudyptula novaehollandiae ) southeastern Zealand may potentially represent additional...

To examine effects of fluid administration on inferior vena cava pressure and umbilical venous Doppler velocities in the term fetal lamb. With ewe given inhalation anesthetics, eight chronically instrumented intrauterine lambs at 125–135 days' gestation were normal saline boluses. Inferior peak pressures measured before, during, after saline. Pressures obtained with fluid-filled solid state transducers. Umbilical velocity pulsations developed six fetuses 120 mL all 240 administered....

Tat, the HIV transactivating protein, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of extracellular (ECM) endopeptidases, have been implicated in pathogenesis HIV-associated dementia. However, possibility that MMPs interact with viral proteins has remained unexplored. We therefore treated mixed human fetal neuronal cultures recombinant Tat select MMPs. Neurotoxicity was determined by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential cell death. Previous studies shown MMP independently cause...

Unravelling prehistoric anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity represents a key challenge for biologists and archaeologists. New Zealand's endemic Stewart Island Shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus) comprises two distinct phylogeographic lineages, currently restricted to the country's south southeast. However, fossil archaeological remains suggest far more widespread distribution at time of Polynesian settlement ca. 1280 AD, encompassing much coastal South Island. We used modern ancient DNA,...

Abstract While terrestrial megafaunal extinctions have been well characterized worldwide, our understanding of declines in marine megafauna remains limited. Here, we use ancient DNA analyses prehistoric (<1450–1650 AD ) sea lion specimens from New Zealand's isolated Chatham Islands to assess the demographic impacts human settlement. These data suggest there was a large population lions, unique Islands, at time Polynesian This distinct mitochondrial lineage became rapidly extinct within...

To identify the source of umbilical venous velocity pulsations, times transmission from atrial contraction pressure waveform to waves in inferior vena cava, ductus venosus, intra-abdominal vein, and intra-amniotic vein were examined.Five lamb fetuses at 125-135 days' gestation instrumented with solid state transducers fluid-filled catheters cava descending aorta, epicardial pacemakers. Three 5 days postoperatively, velocities examined Doppler ultrasound. Normal saline was administered...

Existing literature on network community detection typically exploits the structure of static associations between entities. However, real world data often consists observations coordinated interactions members who belong to multiple communities. This paper presents a novel perspective and approach for activity-based detection, where is defined as group actors engaged in correlated activities over time. Detection performed by propagating membership iteratively neighboring nodes through edges...