In this article, we accomplish two things. First, show that despite empirical psychologists’ nominal endorsement of a low rate false-positive findings (≤ .05), flexibility in data collection, analysis, and reporting dramatically increases actual rates. many cases, researcher is more likely to falsely find evidence an effect exists than correctly it does not. We present computer simulations pair experiments demonstrate how unacceptably easy accumulate (and report) statistically significant...

Because scientists tend to report only studies (publication bias) or analyses (p-hacking) that "work," readers must ask, "Are these effects true, do they merely reflect selective reporting?" We introduce p-curve as a way answer this question. P-curve is the distribution of statistically significant p values for set (ps < .05). true are expected generate right-skewed p-curves-containing more low (.01s) than high (.04s) values--only p--curves diagnostic evidential value. By telling us whether...

Journals tend to publish only statistically significant evidence, creating a scientific record that markedly overstates the size of effects. We provide new tool corrects for this bias without requiring access nonsignificant results. It capitalizes on fact distribution p values, p-curve, is function true underlying effect. Researchers armed with sample sizes and test results published findings can correct publication bias. validate technique simulations by reanalyzing data from Many-Labs...

One year after publishing "False-Positive Psychology," we propose a simple implementation of disclosure that requires but 21 words to achieve full transparency. This article is written in casual tone. It includes phone-taken pictures milk-jars and references ice-cream sardines.

Two studies demonstrate that self-image maintenance processes affect the acceptance of personally relevant health messages. Participants who completed a self-affirmation were less defensive and more accepting information. In Study 1, female participants (high vs. low relevance) read an article linking caffeine consumption to breast cancer. High-relevance women rejected information than did low-relevance women; however, affirmed high-relevance accepted intended change their behavior...

When studies examine true effects, they generate right-skewed p-curves, distributions of statistically significant results with more low (.01 s) than high (.04 p values. What else can cause a p-curve? First, we consider the possibility that researchers report only smallest value (as conjectured by Ulrich & Miller, 2015), concluding it is very uncommon problem. We then common problems, including (a) p-curvers selecting wrong values, (b) fake data, (c) honest errors, and (d) ambitiously...

Building on previous research in economics and psychology, we propose that the costliness of initial prosocial behavior positively influences whether leads to consistent future behaviors. We suggest costly behaviors serve as a signal identity people subsequently behave line with self-perception. In contrast, costless acts do not much about one's identity, so subsequent is less likely be may even show reductions associated licensing. The results laboratory experiment large field converge...

Abstract Influencing behavior change is an ongoing challenge in psychology, economics, and consumer research. Building on previous work commitment, self-signaling, the principle of consistency, a large, intensive field experiment (N = 2,416) examined effect hotel guests' commitment to practice environmentally friendly during their stay. Notably, was symbolic—guests were unaware fact that would be monitored, which allowed them exist anonymity behave as they wish. When guests made brief but...

A field experiment (N = 113,047 participants) manipulated two factors in the sale of souvenir photos. First, some customers saw a traditional fixed price, whereas others could pay what they wanted (including $0). Second, approximately half variation which revenue went to charity. At standard charitable component only slightly increased demand, as similar studies have also found. However, when participants wanted, same created treatment that was substantially more profitable. Switching from...

We investigate the role of identity and self-image consideration under “pay-what-you-want” pricing. Results from three field experiments show that often, when granted opportunity to name price a product, fewer consumers choose buy it than is fixed low. this opt-out behavior driven largely by individuals’ concerns; individuals feel bad they pay less “appropriate” price, causing them pass on purchase product altogether.

Empirical results often hinge on data analytic decisions that are simultaneously defensible, arbitrary, and motivated. To mitigate this problem we introduce Specification-Curve Analysis, which consists of three steps: (i) identifying the set theoretically justified, statistically valid, non-redundant specifications, (ii) displaying alternative graphically, allowing identification producing different results, (iii) conducting statistical tests to determine whether as a whole inconsistent with...

People often choose intuitive rather than equally valid nonintuitive alternatives. The authors suggest that these biases arise because intuitions spring to mind with subjective ease, and the ease leads people hold their high confidence. An investigation of predictions against point spreads found predicted options (favorites) more (or even valid) alternatives (underdogs). Critically, though, this effect was largely determined by people's confidence in (intuitive confidence). Across...

Three studies investigated whether self-affirmation can proceed without awareness, people are aware of the influence experimental self-affirmations, and such awareness facilitates or undermines process. The authors found that effects could as implicit self-affirming primes (utilizing sentence-unscrambling procedures) produced standard (Studies 1 3). People were generally unaware self-affirmation's influence, self-reported was associated with decreased impact affirmation 2). Finally,...

Male preferences for female body weight follow a consistent cross-cultural pattern such that in cultures with scarce resources, heavier women are preferred, whereas abundant thinner preferred. We offer social-cognitive account these findings based on the individual experience of resource scarcity. In four studies (N = 1,176), we explored possibility this relationship emerges at level; is, investigated whether situational feelings scarcity predict personal within single culture....

Increasing accuracy motivation (e.g., by providing monetary incentives for accuracy) often fails to increase adjustment away from provided anchors, a result that has led researchers conclude people do not effortfully adjust such anchors. We challenge this conclusion. First, we show are typically uncertain about which way anchors and uncertainty causes believe they have initially adjusted too far (Studies 1a 1b). Then, although the gap between final estimates when direction of adjustment,...

Six studies demonstrate that interrupting a consumption experience can make pleasant experiences more enjoyable and unpleasant irritating, even though consumers avoid breaks in choose experiences. Across variety of hedonic (e.g., listening to noises or songs, sitting massage chair), the authors observe disrupt adaptation and, as result, intensify subsequent experience.

In this presentation, we discussed how researchers' commitment to avoid p-hacking will affect their research lives. One conclusion is that most experimental cannot be successful without at least 50 observations per condition.

Seven studies tested the hypothesis that people use subjective time progression in hedonic evaluation. When believe has passed unexpectedly quickly, they rate tasks as more engaging, noises less irritating, and songs enjoyable. We propose felt distortion operates a metacognitive cue implicitly attribute to their enjoyment of an experience (i.e., flew, so must have been fun). Consistent with this attribution account, effects on ratings were moderated by need for attribution, strength “time...

Journal Article Enhancing the Television-Viewing Experience through Commercial Interruptions Get access Leif D. Nelson, Nelson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Tom Meyvis, Meyvis Jeff Galak of Consumer Research, Volume 36, Issue 2, August 2009, Pages 160–172, https://doi.org/10.1086/597030 Published: 13 January 2009