Abstract A new double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 6-class (WDM6) Microphysics which is based on WRF Single-Moment (WSM6) has been developed. In addition to prediction for mixing ratios of six water species (water vapor, droplets, ice, snow, rain, graupel) in WSM6 number concentrations rainwater are also predicted WDM6 together with a prognostic variable condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. The scheme was evaluated an...

This study demonstrates the characteristics of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double‐Moment 6‐Class (WDM6) Microphysics scheme for representing precipitating moist convection in 3D platforms, relative to WSM6 that has been widely used WRF community. For a case convective system over Great Plains, WDM6 improves evolutionary features such as bow‐type echo leading edge squall line. We also found with removes spurious oceanic rainfall is systematic defect resulting from use alone. The...

Here we present a simple method of improving bulk mixed-phase microphysical schemes to allow for more realistic representation partially rimed particles. The new procedure unifies the snow and graupel particles by assigning single fallspeed both that is weighted mixing ratios, applying sedimentation accretion processes. This avoids problem species separating out as forms, further then accreting too quickly because its high relative fallspeed. Instead unified graupel/snow moves together...

Abstract This study evaluates the performance of several cloud microphysics parameterizations in simulating surface precipitation for two snowstorm cases during International Collaborative Experiment held at PyeongChang 2018 Olympics and Winter Paralympic Games (ICE-POP 2018) field campaign. We compared four different schemes Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Model, namely double-moment 6-class (WDM6), WRF single-moment (WSM6), Thompson Morrison parameterizations. Both WSM6 WDM6...

Abstract The sensitivity of a cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS) to representation precipitation production is examined. To do this, the parameter that determines fraction cloud condensate converted in simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) convection modified following results from cloud-resolving simulation. While original conversion assumed be constant, revised includes temperature dependency above freezing level, which leads less frozen precipitating with height. CPS has been evaluated for...

Abstract We present a comprehensive evaluation of the regional Model for Prediction Across Scales (rMPAS) in simulating heavy snowfall events during International Collaborative Experiment Pyeongchang Olympics and Paralympics field campaign Korean Peninsula. compared rMPAS simulations with those Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model observational data three significant events, emphasizing on their performances capturing precipitation patterns synoptic environments. Both WRF models...

In this study, we evaluated the simulation performance of Arctic mixed-phase clouds using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 6-class (WDM6) scheme its improved version (WDM6_ICE). WDM6_ICE prognoses cloud ice number concentrations incorporates enhanced shape parameters formation processes. Sensitivity experiments were conducted during Mixed-Phase Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) period October 9–10, 2004.WDM6_ICE significantly simulation, showing low-level fraction more...

Abstract The most recent version of the simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) cumulus scheme in National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) (GFS SAS) is implemented Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a modification triggering condition convective mass flux order to make it dependent on model’s horizontal grid spacing. East Asian summer monsoon season 2006 selected evaluate performance modified GFS SAS scheme. In comparison original scheme,...

A method to explicitly calculate the effective radius of hydrometeors in Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) double-moment 6-class (WDM6) microphysics scheme is designed tackle physical inconsistency cloud properties between and radiation processes. At each model time step, calculated radii from WDM6 are linked Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs (RRTMG) consider effects radiative flux calculation. This coupling effect RRTMG algorithms examined a heavy rainfall event Korea during 25–27...

Long-term changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) lifecycle since 1979 are analyzed based on observational datasets and historical simulations of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). According to observation, active break phases EASM have intensified resulting a shorter but stronger rainy season, followed by longer dry spell. This intensification active-phase precipitation is accompanied increased lower tropospheric southwesterly wind subsequent convergence water...

Abstract The ice microphysical processes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double‐Moment 6‐class (WDM6) microphysics scheme are treated as a single‐moment approach, which number concentration of cloud is diagnosed based on its mixing ratio. This study develops revised WDM6 through implementation prognostic concentrations. effect simulated precipitation verified simulations short‐term winter snowfall cases during International Collaborative Experiments for Pyeongchang 2018...

Abstract This study examines the relative importance of ice-phase microphysics and sedimentation velocity for hydrometeors in bulk schemes. The two schemes having same number prognostic water substances, Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Single-Moment 6-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6) Purdue–Lin scheme (PLIN), are evaluated a 2D idealized storm case 3D heavy rainfall event over Korea. ice particles is illuminated by additional experiments that exchange formula graupel In simulation test...

Abstract A new Zhang and McFarlane (ZM) cumulus scheme includes a two‐moment cloud microphysics parameterization for convective clouds. This allows aerosol effects to be investigated more comprehensively by linking aerosols with microphysical processes in both stratiform clouds that are explicitly resolved parameterized climate models. is implemented the Weather Research Forecasting model, coupled physics packages from Community Atmospheric Model version 5. case of July 2008 during East...

Abstract Regional convection‐permitting model simulations of cloud populations observed during the 2011 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Madden‐Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment/Dynamics Experiment (AMIE/DYNAMO) field campaign are evaluated against ground‐based radar and ship‐based observations. Sensitivity simulated reflectivity, surface rain rate, cold pool statistics to variations raindrop breakup/self‐collection parameters in four state‐of‐the‐art two‐moment bulk...

Abstract Synthetic satellite imagery can be employed to evaluate simulated cloud fields. Past studies have revealed that the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) single-moment 6-class (WSM6) microphysics scheme in Advanced WRF (WRF-ARW) produces less upper-level ice clouds within synthetic images compared observations. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-13 (GOES-13) at 10.7 μm of fields from 4-km National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) WRF-ARW is observed GOES-13 imagery....

Influence of the size indium clusters on optical properties green-light-emitting InGaN quantum wells (QWs) was investigated by photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence, PL excitation, and time-resolved techniques. Low luminescence efficiency observed for QWs with micron-sized clusters, in contrast to case submicron-sized small segregation. Both thermal activation energy carrier lifetime dramatically decreased, while a large Stokes-like shift between absorption edge peak still clusters....

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 6-class (WDM6) scheme was modified by incorporating prognostic graupel density. Explicitly prognosed density, in turn, modifies characteristics such as the fall velocity–diameter mass–diameter relationships of graupel. WDM6 has been evaluated based on a two-dimensional (2D) idealized squall line simulation winter snowfall events that occurred during International Collaborative Experiment for Pyeongchang Olympics Paralympics...

The Ki-Jang research reactor (KJRR), a new in Korea, is being planned to fulfill multiple purposes. In this study, as an assessment of the environmental radiological impact, we characterized atmospheric dispersion and deposition radioactive materials released by unexpected incident at KJRR using weather forecasting–mesoscale model interface program–California Puff (WRF–MMIF–CALPUFF) system. Based on reproduced three-dimensional gridded meteorological data obtained during 1-year period WRF,...

Abstract Differences in atmospheric environments can have a significant impact on microphysical processes of precipitation. Dominant warm (cold) rain East Asia (southern Great Plains the United States) are implied by large (small or constant) gradient reflectivity at low levels vertical profiles. Long-term ground observations using two-dimensional video disdrometers were conducted southern Korean Peninsula (KOR) and Norman, Oklahoma, States (OKL). Raindrop size distributions (RSD) their...

Abstract A new operational retrieval of cloud droplet number concentration ( N D ) at base has been produced from surface remote sensors the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains site for 13 years January 1998 to 2011. The is based on radiometer measurements optical depth multifilter rotating shadow band and liquid water path microwave (MWR). It only applicable single‐layered overcast warm (stratus or stratocumulus) clouds. Evaluation with in situ aircraft during...

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 7-Class (WDM7) cloud microphysics scheme was developed to parameterize precipitation processes explicitly for mesoscale phenomena in the Korean Integrated Model system. However, WDM7 has not been evaluated any precipitating convection system over peninsula. This study modified simulated during summer winter. suggested modifications included integration of new fall velocity–diameter relationship raindrops mass-weighted terminal velocity...