The first transition-metal-free aerobic oxidative conversion of aldehyde catalyzed by a nitroxyl radical/NOx system is presented for the synthesis nitrile. In presence catalytic amount 4-AcNH-TEMPO (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl), NaNO2, and HNO3, benzaldehydes bearing variety functional groups underwent condensation with NH4OAc following oxidation to produce nitriles selectively under an O2 balloon. Aerobic primary alcohol instead also achieved one-pot sequential strategy.

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Three new trifluoromethylated p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP)-caged γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) derivatives have been examined for their efficacy as photoremovable protecting groups in aqueous solution. Through the replacement of hydrogen with fluorine, e.g., a m-trifluoromethyl or m-trifluoromethoxy versus m-methoxy substituents on pHP chromophore, modest increases quantum yields release amino acids GABA well improved lipophilicity were realized. The triplet undergoes...

Abstract Abnormally increased neuronal activity in the lateral habenula (LHb) is closely associated with depressive-like behavior. Despite emphasis on pathological importance of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term depression (LTD) and involvement calcium permeable AMPA (CP-AMPAR) as major Ca 2+ source, functions NMDAR CP-AMPAR LTD modulation LHb still have not been fully investigated. Here, we found that NMDAR-dependent by low frequency stimulation was induced both synaptic...

Depending on the intracellular buffering of calcium by chelation, zinc has following two apparent effects neuronal excitability: enhancement or reduction. Zinc increased tonic activity in depolarized state when neurons were intracellularly dialyzed with EGTA but attenuated BAPTA was used as an buffer. This suggests that excitability can be modulated zinc, depending internal capacity. In this study, we elucidated mechanisms zinc-mediated alterations and determined effect calcium-related...

During development GABA and glycine synapses are initially excitatory before they gradually become inhibitory. This transition is due to a developmental increase in the activity of neuronal potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2), which shifts chloride equilibrium potential (ECl) values more negative than resting membrane potential. While role early depolarizations has increasingly clear, hyperpolarization synapse maturation circuit refinement remained an open question. Here we...

Disruption of sleep due to acute or chronic stress can lead changes in emotional memory processing. Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent post-traumatic disorder (PTSD), but still, the contribution deprivation on susceptibility PTSD has received little attention. To determine whether rapid eye movement (SD) alters development fear expression fear-associated impairment adolescent rats, we performed animal behavior tests using an SD model with flowerpot technique. rats showed increase...

Neu2000 [NEU, 2-hydroxy-5-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzylamino)-benzoic acid], a derivative of sulfasalazine, attenuates NMDA-induced neuronal toxicity. Here we investigated the effects NEU on NMDA receptor (NMDAR) using whole-cell patch clamp technique to determine molecular mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective role. reversibly suppressed responses in an uncompetitive manner with fast binding kinetics. Its inhibition NMDAR activity depended both concentration and use...

Abstract Background Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been used occasionally in extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants with acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of ELBW AKI treated PD. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, medical records AKI, who underwent PD from January 2008 February 2018, were reviewed. A catheter (7.5–9.0 Fr) or central venous (4 was for peritoneal access. Treatment solutions (2.5 4.25%) started at 10...

This article describes the assembly and performance of a simple inexpensive ultraviolet-flash system suitable for rapid focal photolysis caged compounds in cultured neurons brain slices. Advantages limitations this are discussed. Examples provided illustrating how can be used stimulating mapping their functional inputs

Oxytocin (OT) is considered beneficial to mental health owing its anxiolytic, prosocial, and anti-stress effects; however, the adverse effects of OT have been controversial, such as potentially anxiogenic actions. Although influences drug abuse reciprocally affects vulnerability use, relationship between OT's working nicotine preference intake has not clearly defined. To clarify this issue, effect acute peripheral administration on anxiety was investigated in juvenile male rats. Anxiogenic...

Fear-related behaviors are rigidly controlled by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).The mPFC is activated prosocial hormone oxytocin, which plays an important role in social buffering.We used a slice patch current-clamp recording single-and pair-exposed rats who were subjected to electric shocks, determine cellular mechanism of action oxytocin under buffering conditions.Pair-exposed showed significant reduction both freezing and passive avoidance compared single-exposed rats.It was observed...

The lateral habenula (LHb) plays a pivotal role in regulating emotional responses during stress reactions, and its hyperactivity has been associated with depression. Recently it demonstrated that chronic early-life results individual differences vulnerability among rodents. However, how synaptic function the LHb varies between susceptibility resilience to early life remains elusive. In this study, we used maternal separation model assign animals different vulnerabilities into groups...