Four studies tested a model of stereotype-based shifts in judgment standards developed by M. Biernat, Manis, and T. E. Nelson (1991). The suggests that subjective judgments target persons from different social groups may fail to reveal the stereotyped expectations judges, because they invite use evaluative standards; more "objective" or common rule indicators reduce such standard shifts. stereotypes men are competent than women, women verbally able men, Whites Blacks, Blacks athletic were...

People routinely adjust their subjective judgment standards as they evaluate members of stereotyped social groups. Such shifts are less likely to occur, however, when judgments made on stable, «objective» response scales. In 3 studies, subjects judged a series targets with respect number gender-relevant attributes (e.g., height, weight, and income), using either (Likert-type) or objective scales inches, pounds, dollars)

Yarkin, Town, & Wallston

Stereotypes may influence judgment via assimilation, such that individual group members are evaluated consistently with stereotypes, or contrast, targets displaced from the overall expectation. Two models of judgment--the shifting standards model and status characteristics theory--provide some insight into predicting interpreting these apparently contradictory effects. In 2 studies involving a simulated applicant-evaluation setting, we predicted found participants set lower...

We investigated the influence of gender and parental status on employment decisions. The shifting standards model predicts that parenthood polarizes judgments women men such mothers are held to stricter than fathers. Social role theory parenting role, rather gender, guides One hundred ninety‐six undergraduates at two universities evaluated a job applicant; applicant was either male or female single married with children. Results showed parents were judged less agentic committed non‐parents....

Stereotyping effects are typically considered to be assimilative in nature: A member of a group stereotyped as having some attribute is judged have more that than comparison group. This article highlights the fact stereotyping can also occur direction contrast--or even null effects-- depending on nature and form outcome being assessed (from researcher's perspective, dependent variable interest). Relying theory research from shifting standards model (M. Biernat, M. Manis, & T. F. Nelson,...

A sample of 139 married couples with young children and relatively equal status careers (wives were university professors or businesswomen) interviewed about work home life. Considerable, traditional inequity in the distribution child-care tasks chore responsibility was noted, but women generally satisfied their husbands' involvement. In academic sample, longer hours each spouse worked, more child care other performed; business involvement largely determined by husband's hours, income,...

Gender stereotypes regarding task competence may lead perceivers to set different standards for diagnosing in women versus men. Specifically, prompt lower minimum (or initial screening criteria) but higher confirmatory than men (Biernat & Kobrynowicz, 1997). In two studies simulating hiring decisions, predictions were that would be (1) more likely make a short list job (2) less hired the same job. Results generally consistent with only among female participants (Studies 1 and 2), those...

We surveyed over 1,000 undergraduates about their attitudes toward fatness and fat people. A consistent pattern of emerged: People who were anti‐fat shared an ideologically conservative outlook on life. Those disliked tended to be politically conservative, racist, in favor capital punishment, less supportive nontraditional marriages. By contrast, negative not associated with sexual (which are likely based), although they related tolerance sexuality among the handicapped, homosexuals,...

Seven studies reveal that nostalgia, a sentimental affection for the past, offers window to intrinsic self-concept-who people think they truly are. In Study 1, state nostalgia was associated with higher authenticity and lower extrinsic self-focus (concern meeting value standards). 2, experimentally primed increased perceived of past self, which in turn predicted reduced current self-focus. 3 showed accessibility self-concept but not everyday self-concept. 4 provided evidence moderator...

Employees' positive affective displays have been widely used as a strategic tool to enhance service experience and strengthen customer relationships. Companies primarily focused their employee training programs on two dimensions of display: intensity authenticity. Yet there is limited research when, how, why these affect reactions. Drawing the emotions social information (EASI) framework (Van Kleef, 2009), we develop conceptual model in which display authenticity differentially influence...

The implications of the shifting standards model for understanding behavior toward stereotyped groups were examined in two studies on gender and athleticism. Participants played role co-ed softball team managers, who made selections, position assignments, judgments about a series male female players. data supported three hypotheses: (a) Stereotypes superiority as athletes lead to use judge athletic performance; (b) zero-sum behaviors (allocation limited resources) show evidence pro-male...

Although the economic and social position of women has improved considerably in last decades, some gendered expectations roles have proved remarkably resilient. Increasingly, gender gap compensation become an issue “mother” versus “other,” as, for example, working mothers earn 60% what fathers earn. Conservatives tend to frame imbalance terms women's choices; but feminists, including those this issue, debunk explanations that blame differences earnings. Contributors whose work we introduce...

A person × situation approach to the study of intergroup anxiety is offered in which encounters viewed as a transaction between individual and environment. An difference measure toward African Americans developed, studies assessing scale's reliability validity are presented. The utility shown an experiment participants high or low were told they would interact with either European American American. Participants who supposed evidenced highest state anxiety, perceived interaction most...

Three studies test whether group members strategically shift the standard of judgment they use to decide a particular ingroup action was unjust. In Study 1, individuals who were highly identified with their set higher confirmatory injustice standards than low identifiers—they needed more evidence conclude that acted unjustly. This led reductions in judgments harm and diminished collective guilt. 2, identification experimentally manipulated results 1 replicated. 3, stronger support is...

Along with the direct trauma of their experience, many rape victims also suffer secondary victimization due to tendency others blame for assault, particularly in cases acquaintance rape. We explored role news media coverage promoting victim blaming tendencies. In Study 1, a content analysis articles reporting sexual assaults from two newspapers revealed overreport stranger rapes and underreport rapes, perpetuating as “real rape” prototype. More language was used reports than Perceivers...