A private fifth generation (5G) network is a dedicated 5G with enhanced communication characteristics, unified connectivity, optimized services, and customized security within specific area. By subsuming the advantages of both public non-public networks, networks have found their applications across industry, business, utilities, sector. As promising accelerator for Industry 4.0, concept has recently attracted significant research attention from industry academia. This article provides...

In this article we provide a comprehensive review of the handover process in heterogeneous networks (HetNets), and identify technical challenges mobility management. line, evaluate performance HetNets with 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release-10 range expansion enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) features such as almost blank subframes (ABSFs). Simulation assumptions parameters related study item 3GPP are used to investigate impact various on performance....

Infrared thermography has been extensively applied over decades to areas such as maintenance of electrical installations. Its use in machinery mainly circumscribed the detection faults static machines, power transformers. However, with regard predictive rotating its much more limited. In spite this fact, potential tool, together progressive decrease price infrared cameras, makes technique a very interesting option at least complement diagnosis provided by other well-known techniques, current...

Integrating terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks has the potential of connecting unconnected enhancing user experience for already-connected, with technological societal implications greatest long-term significance. A convergence ground, air, space wireless communications also represents a formidable endeavor mobile satellite industries alike, as it entails defining intelligently orchestrating new 3D network architecture. In this article, we present key opportunities challenges arising...

Operators are currently considering the deployment of small cells to complement their macrocellular networks and increase coverage capacity. However, in order roll-out a large number allow anytime, anywhere wireless broadband connectivity through technologies, operators must still face challenge backhauling traffic from core network cost-effective manner. In this paper, backhaul challenges for cell base stations (BSs) discussed, potential wired solutions together with benefits drawbacks...

The inclusion of the sensing functionality in coming generations cellular networks, necessitates a rethink dense cell deployments. In this paper, we analyze and optimize topologies for dual-functional radar-communication (DFRC) networks. With aid tools from stochastic geometry, derive new analytical expressions potential area spectral efficiencies (bit/sec/m2) radar communication systems using zero-forcing precoding scheme. Based on formulations efficiencies, energy efficiency (bit/Joule)...

Infrared thermography has been extensively applied over decades to areas such as maintenance of electrical installations. Its use in machines mainly circumscribed the detection faults static machines, power transformers. However, with regard predictive rotating its much more limited. In spite this fact, potential tool, together progressive decrease price infrared cameras, make technique a very interesting option to, at least complement, diagnosis provided by other well-known techniques,...

The energy consumption of mobile networks poses a critical challenge. Mitigating this concern necessitates the deployment and optimization network energy-saving solutions, such as carrier shutdown, to dynamically manage resources. Traditional approaches encounter complexity due factors like large number cells, stochastic traffic, channel variations, intricate trade-offs. This paper introduces simulated reality communication (SRCON) framework, novel, data-driven modeling paradigm that...

The energy consumption of the fifth generation (5G) cellular technology is concerning for mobile industry and entire society. To minimize environmental footprint economic costs 5G, it necessary to adapt transmission capabilities networks end-users' quality service requirements. In this paper, we focus on carrier shutdown approach that enables a base station (BS) autonomously switch off during low traffic periods, by transferring its load neighbouring active BSs. More specifically, propose...

Wireless connectivity will soon enable people to consume augmented and virtual reality content anywhere cloud-connected mobile robots perform complex tasks collaboratively. This come enterprises, factory floors digital homes first, powered by indoor networks that offer much higher data rates, greater reliability, lower latency than today's networks. In addition providing traditional communication capabilities, the future network have a "sixth sense" enables it provide sensory information...

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) have been proposed as a promising technology to enhance signal transmissions in high-frequency bands. Up now, the research on performance of large networks with IRSs is still its infancy. In this article, we study Poisson bipolar network line segment blockages and reflectors. By deriving probability that an IRS can successfully reflect from transmitter receiver distribution distance traveled by reflected signal, impact deploying propagation...

This paper introduces the problem associated to long neighbour cell lists as a result of introducing and reserving identity codes for small cells in heterogeneous networks. It is shown that number reserved needs be sufficiently high or confusions collisions are inevitable. results neighbouring effectively increases measurement periods hand over failures subsequently. To address issue, standard compliant mechanism proposed list contains only relevant macrocell neighbours updated dynamically...

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) have been proposed in recent years as a promising technology to enhance signal quality at high frequencies and save energy. In this letter, Poisson bipolar network model with line segments is used analyze the energy efficiency (EE) of an IRS-assisted, large-scale network. Specifically, we investigate performance impact IRS configuration, particular, number elements phase-shifting resolution each element. Using customized consumption channel estimation...

For energy efficient operation of the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks, various aspects efficiency maximization have been addressed, where a careful selection number active antennas has shown significant gains. Moreover, switching-off physical resource blocks (PRBs) and carrier shutdown saves in low load scenarios. However, joint optimization spectral PRB allocation spatial layering heterogeneous network not completely solved yet. Therefore, we study power consumption...

In electrical engineering, the utilization of infrared thermography has been traditionally confined to periodic inspection electric installations, distribution lines and power transformers, among other applications. Over recent years, this technique is being increasingly incorporated in motors predictive maintenance programs. This due fact that it reported its suitability for detecting certain types problems, such as deficient bearing lubrication, cooling system stator winding asymmetries or...

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) networks, integral to 5G communication, offer a vast spectrum that addresses the issue of scarcity and enhances peak rate capacity. However, their dense deployment, necessary counteract propagation losses, leads high power consumption. An effective strategy reduce this energy consumption in mobile networks is sleep mode optimization (SMO) base stations (BSs). In paper, we propose novel SMO approach for mmWave BSs 3D urban environment. This approach, which...

Optimizing the design, performance, and resource efficiency of wireless networks (WNs) necessitates ability to discern Line Sight (LoS) Non-Line (NLoS) scenarios across diverse applications environments. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) exhibit significant potential in this regard due their rapid mobility, aerial capabilities, payload characteristics. Particularly, UAVs can serve as vital non-terrestrial base stations (NTBS) event terrestrial station (TBS) failures or downtime. In paper, we...

In this article, we introduce a novel approach for enhancing cellular connectivity unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on highways via terrestrial 5G networks.Owing to their ability navigate 3D space, UAVs may experience favourable channel gains across multiple network cells; thus, from operator's perspective, selecting serving cells that maximize UAV capacity is not straightforward.Merely considering conventional metrics like reference signal received power (RSRP) lead offer high but are...

In this article, we introduce a method to optimize 5G massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) connectivity for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on highways through strategic cell association. UAVs operating in 3D space encounter distinct channel conditions compared traditional ground user equipment (gUE); under the typical line of sight (LoS) condition, perceive strong reference signal received power (RSRP) from multiple cells within network, resulting large set suitable serving...