Traditional antibacterial agents are often observed to be ineffective because bacteria evolved strains with greater antibiotic resistance. Here, vigorous chitosan‐stabilized PtAu nanoparticles (CSPA) multienzyme‐like activity successfully fabricated, which serve an effective artificial nanozyme enhance for mixed bacterial infection wound treatment. Ultrasmall size CSPA exhibits excellent hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, possesses strong oxidase‐ peroxidase‐like generating a substantial...

In this paper a climatology model of total electron content (TEC) over China has been developed on the basis empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis using Global Positioning System (GPS) data from International Navigation Satellite Service (IGS) and Crust Movement Observation Network (CMONOC) covering almost whole Chinese sector during 1996–2004. The well represents observational with mean bias −0.00994 TECU (1 = 1.0 × 10 16 el· m −2 ) standard deviation 5.42 TECU. Then EOF IRI have...

Thermosphere densities near 410 km altitude inferred from accelerometer measurements on the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite are analyzed for solar irradiance variability effects during period 2002–2004. Correlations between and irradiances different spectral lines wavelength ranges reveal significantly characteristics. The density correlates remarkably well with all selected except lower chromospheric O I (130.4 nm) emission. Among chosen proxies, Mg II core‐to‐wing ratio...

The interaction of the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere is complex, phenomenology very different for interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) compared to their sheath regions. In this paper, a total 71 intense (Dst <= -100 nT) geomagnetic storm events in 1996-2006, which 51 are driven by ICMEs 20 regions, examined demonstrate similarities differences energy transfer. Using superposed epoch analysis, evolution input dissipation investigated. wind-magnetosphere coupling functions...

[1] A three-dimensional (3-D), time-dependent, numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to investigate the evolution and interaction of two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in nonhomogeneous ambient solar wind. The background wind constructed on basis self-consistent source surface with observed line sight magnetic field density from 2.5 Rs Earth's orbit (215 Rs) beyond. successive CMEs occurring 28 March 2001 forming a multiple cloud interplanetary space are chosen as test case, which...

Using 28 years of solar X-ray flares and sunspot-group records supplied by the National Geophysical Data Center, we carried a statistical study on dependence magnetic classification sunspot groups, investigated relationship with phase in 22nd 23rd cycles. We found that (1) there are 83.34 per cent X-class flares, 62.35 M-class 43.18 C-class 25.47 B-class occurred βγδ groups. (2) The occurrence different groups shows clear periodic characteristics cycle: near two maximums, various but still...

Abstract It is widely recognized that adiabatic acceleration plays an essential role in the dynamics of solar wind electron distribution. Nevertheless, cooling remains poorly understood, at least from observational standpoint. Even betatron has never been verified wind. Here, we present a distinct event simultaneous halo and strahl electrons small-scale magnetic structure, probably due to local expansion (weakening field strength). The results drop differential fluxes, which peaks...

Abstract Solar flares are one of the severest solar activities that have important effects on near-Earth space. Previous studies shown flight arrival delays increase as a result flares, but intrinsic mechanism behind this relationship is still unknown. In study, we conducted comprehensive analysis departure during 57 X-ray events by using huge amount data (~ 5 × 10 6 records) gathered over 5-year period. It found average delay time increased 20.68% (7.67 min) compared to quiet periods. Our...

Total eastward and westward electrojet currents (EEJ WEJ) their central latitudes derived from the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) network magnetic measurements are analyzed combined MLT (magnetic local time) seasonal dependence during period 1995–2009. EEJ shows a strong variation with significant on season. During summer months maxima occur around 1600–1800 MLT, whereas winter 1800–2000 MLT. Moreover, much larger than appear at higher latitudes. The mainly...

In this paper we investigate the intra‐annual variation in thermosphere neutral density near 400 km using 4 years (2002–2005) of CHAMP measurements. The variation, commonly referred to as “semiannual variation,” is characterized by significant latitude structure, hemispheric asymmetries, and interannual variability. magnitude maximum yearly difference, from minimum maximum, varies much 60% year year, phases minima maxima also change 20–40 days year. Each annual harmonic namely, annual,...

In this paper, we examine and compare the statistical properties of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) their sheath regions in near‐Earth space, mainly focusing on distributions various physical parameters geoefficiency. The 53 events studied are a subset responsible for intense ( Dst ≤ −100 nT) geomagnetic storms during time period from 1996 to 2005. These all fall into single‐type category which each was caused by well‐isolated single ICME, free complexity interaction multiple...

[1] Overshielding is referred to a shielding status, during which the dawnward electric field dominates over duskward penetration in inner magnetosphere, typically appearing when interplanetary magnetic (IMF) suddenly turns northward after prolonged southward orientation. It expected that transition overshielding IMF turning can be affected by shape of (sharp or gradual). Moreover, initial status (undershielding goodshielding) prior may also have influence on transition. Here we analyze two...

Abstract In this paper we report the detection of full constructive interference between two large‐scale gravity waves in upper thermosphere from CHAMP accelerometer measurements. The are separately excited northern and southern auroral regions by shock‐induced intensification on 29 October 2003. They propagate equatorward encounter near equator, where occurs causes nightside equatorial neutral density enhancements ∼60%. This result demonstrates that can be a potential mechanism for large...

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in China and predominantly due to foot-and-mouth virus (FMDV) serotype O Mya-98 lineage. In recent years, FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage has spread from the Indian subcontinent South-East Asia, Middle East Africa, which may pose potential threats for future trans-regional livestock movements. this study, we identified appearance of China; first time that been found there. Sequencing phylogenetic analysis VP1 sequences revealed newly determined strain...

Alfvén waves have been proposed as an important mechanism for the heating of Sun's outer atmosphere and acceleration solar wind, but they are generally believed to no significant impact on Earth's upper under quiet geomagnetic conditions due their highly fluctuating nature interplanetary magnetic field (i.e., intermittent southward component). Here we report that a long-duration outward propagating wave train carried by high-speed stream produced continuous (~2 days) strong (up ± 40%)...

Coordination engineering was employed to optimize the coordination environment of zirconium (Zr) atom anchored on porphyrins (PP), serving as single-atom catalysts (SACs). Five promising ZrPP-A (A = C3O, N4, N2C2-o, C2O2-o, and C2O2-n) candidates electrocatalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) were identified through a "four-step" screening strategy, from pool 15 designed models. Performance evaluation these NRR conducted using first-principles calculations. A comprehensive...

Abstract The measurements from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN ( MAVEN ) spacecraft are analyzed for basic properties of solar wind stream interaction regions (SIRs) their associated shocks at 1.52 au, as well evolution SIRs 1 to au. A total 149 identified during period 2014 October 2018 November, 126 with high-quality data selected this study. average occurrence rate au is 36.3 yr −1 , which comparable but slightly higher than that (32.4 meaning most formed duration about 37.0...

The ionic conductivity is determined by the activation energies and jump attempt frequencies of carrier migrations between adjacent sites. However, few works in past have considered influence frequency. In this work, Na3OBH4 Na3OBr are calculated using density functional theory written as contribution each element frequency analysis, which can be used to calculate a combination with defect concentration, migration barrier equilibrium. results show that sodium cations greatly improved...

During magnetic storm times, a dawnward electric field may build up at the Alfven layer in inner magnetosphere to cancel an enhanced duskward magnetospheric convection field. This effect is known as “shielding” because prevents from penetrating into magnetosphere. The term “goodshielding” refers perfect shielding status, which penetration almost completely canceled by Observational evidence of goodshielding has rarely been reported before. Here we present two long‐lasting (16 and 23 min)...

Total mass density measurements at 72°S, 0°, and 72°N latitude from the CHAMP satellite near 400 km altitude are used to provide a quantitative assessment of relationship between solar wind energy input variations during intense ( Dst ≤ −100 nT) geomagnetic storms that occurred August 2001 December 2006. Correlations thermosphere various parameters coupling functions representing into reveal significantly different characteristics storms. Statistical analysis shows that, out chosen including...

Abstract Although the sun is really far away from us, some solar activities could still influence performance and reliability of space-borne ground-based technological systems on Earth. Those time-varying conditions in space caused by are also called storm or weather. It known that aviation can be affected during storms, but exact effects weather unclear. Especially how flight delays, top topic concerned most people, will has never been thoroughly researched. By analyzing huge amount data (~...

The existence of small‐scale plasmoids associated with the Hall effect has been often observed in magnetotail. They are considered as signature multiple X‐line collisionless reconnection. To study these structures, we present some Cluster observations and MHD simulations their features. In this study, observation survey is divided into two types. first one isolated plasmoid typical events flux‐rope‐like on 3 August 2001 closed‐loop‐like 22 2001. second type contains successive plasmoids, 12...