To help understand the evolution of suppressed recombination between sex chromosomes, and its consequences for sequences Y-linked genes, we have studied four X-Y gene pairs, including one not previously characterized, in plants a group closely related dioecious species Silene which an sex-determining system (S. latifolia, S. dioica, diclinis). We used X-linked copies to build genetic map X with marker pseudoautosomal region (PAR) orient map. The covers large part chromosomes--at least 50...

Abstract Satellite DNA (satDNA) is a rapidly evolving component of plant genomes, often found in centromeric, telomeric, and heterochromatic regions. Due to their variability species- or population-specific distribution, satDNA serves as valuable cytogenetic markers for studying chromosomal rearrangements karyotype evolution closely related species. In dioecious species Cannabis sativa, Humulus lupulus , japonicus previous studies have identified species-specific subtelomeric repeats CS-1,...

DNA methylation represents one of the key processes that play an important role in transcriptional control gene expression. The cytosine plant development has been demonstrated by at least three different kinds evidence: parent-specific expression some genes developing seeds, flowering time and floral morphogenesis, correlation with silencing intrusive sequences (mobile genetic elements transgenes). In this work global changes during seed germination shoot apical meristem Silene latifolia...

The plant genus Silene has become a model for evolutionary studies of sex chromosomes and sex‐determining mechanisms. A recent study performed in colpophylla showed that dioecy the this species evolved independently from those latifolia, most widely studied dioecious species. results show system otites, related to S. colpophylla, is based on female heterogamety, determination unique among date. Our phylogenetic data support placing otites subsection Otites analysis ancestral states suggests...

Abstract Switches in heterogamety are known to occur both animals and plants. Although plant sex determination systems probably often evolved more recently than those several well-studied animals, including mammals, have had less time for switches occur, we previously detected a switch the genus Silene : section Otites has female male heterogamety, whereas S . latifolia its close relatives, different of genus, Melandrium (subgenus Behenantha ), all heterogamety. Here analyse evolution...

Abstract Here we introduce a new model species, Silene colpophylla, that could facilitate research of sex chromosome evolution and sex-determining systems. This species is related to the well-established dioecious plant latifolia. Our results show S. colpophylla is, similarly latifolia, male heterogametic but its chromosomes have evolved from different pair autosomes than in The our phylogenetic study mapping homologs latifolia X-linked genes indicate determination system independently We...

Prior to this study, no differences in gene expression between male and female dioecious plants the vegetative state had been detected. Among displaying sexual dimorphism, Silene latifolia is one of most studied species. Although many sexually dimorphic traits have described S. latifolia, all them are quantitative, they usually become apparent only after initiation flowering. We present RT-PCR-based evidence that dimorphism long before describe three ESTs show sex-specific (two specific...

In this review, we discuss and compare data obtained from animal plant models, focusing our attention on the mechanisms that affect sex linkage changes in sex-determining pathways. Patterns across taxa suggest bias dynamics occurs within hybrid zones can play an important role these processes enable spread of some otherwise handicapped genotypes. We several main model species light patterns demonstrated models. possible differences age their pathways current chromosomes. also address open...

Seed description in morphology is often based on adjectives such as “spherical”, “globular”, or “reniform”, but this does not provide a quantitative method. A new morphological approach the comparison of seed images with geometric models provides Silene species basis. The novelty proposed method according to cardioid shape. J index measurement that indicates percentage similarity cardioid-derived figures used models. seeds have high values and (J superior 90). different allows...

Silene taxonomy, traditionally based on morphological characteristics, is now driven by DNA sequence analysis. While the usefulness of both and molecular methods remains undisputed, there an interest in identification characteristics useful taxonomy. A quantitative analysis seeds belonging to species presented here seed image samples for 95 populations 52 (49 3 related species). According silhouette lateral views their images, are classified into three groups: smooth, rugose echinate. The...

Here we compare gene orders on the Silene latifolia sex chromosomes. On basis of deletion mapping results (11 markers and 23 independent Y chromosome lines used), conclude that a part (covering region corresponding to at least 23.9 cM X chromosome) has been inverted. The gradient in silent-site divergence suggests this inversion took place after recombination arrest region. Because events followed by rearrangements also have found human chromosome, process seems be general evolutionary pathway.

Understanding the origin and evolution of sex chromosomes requires studying recently evolved X-Y chromosome systems such as those in some flowering plants. We describe Y deletion mutants Silene latifolia, a dioecious plant with heteromorphic chromosomes. The combination results from new previously described deletions histological descriptions their stamen development defects indicates presence two distinct regions containing loci indispensable roles male reproduction. determined positions...

The description of shape in Silene seeds is based on adjectives coined by naturalists the 19th century. expressions reniform, dorso plana, and canaliculata were applied reference to lateral or dorsal views seeds, but characters described can be submitted now an analytical quantitative methods, allowing quantification comparison between species populations. A morphological analysis with geometric models that adjust seeds. Morphological view here 26 seed populations belonging 12 species....

The sex chromosomes of Silene latifolia are heteromorphic as in mammals, with females being homogametic (XX) and males heterogametic (XY). While recombination occurs along the entire X chromosome females, between Y is restricted to pseudoautosomal region (PAR). In few mammals so far studied, PARs often characterized by elevated mutation rates high GC content compared rest genome. However, have not been studied plants until now. this paper we report construction a BAC library for S. first...

Summary The dioecious plant species Silene latifolia has a sex determination mechanism based on an active Y chromosome. Here, we used inter‐specific hybrids in the genus to study effects of gene complexes If function Y‐linked genes been maintained same state as hermaphrodite progenitor species, it should be possible substitute such by coming from related species. In hybrid , S. × viscosa anthers indeed develop far beyond early bilobal stage characteristic XX female plants. genome can thus...

Few cases of spontaneously horizontally transferred bacterial genes into plant genomes have been described to date. The occurrence from the T-DNA Agrobacterium rhizogenes genome has reported in genus Nicotiana and species Linaria vulgaris. Here we compare patterns evolution one these (a gene encoding mikimopine synthase, mis) following three different events horizontal transfer (HGT). As this plays an important role Agrobacterium, there are known showing that pathogens can acquire protection...

Historically, little attention has been paid to the resemblance between seed silhouettes geometric figures. Cardioid and derivatives, ellipses, heart curves, lemniscates, lenses, lunes, ovals, superellipses, waterdrops, other figures can be used describe shape, as well models for quantification. Algebraic expressions representing average a group of seeds are available, their shape described quantified by comparison with models. Bidimensional closed-plane resulting from representation Fourier...

Seed morphology is an important source of information for plant taxonomy. Nevertheless, the characters under study are diverse, and a simple, unified method lacking in literature. A new classification seeds genus

Seed morphological description is traditionally based on adjectives, which originated from the comparison with other shapes, including geometric figures. Nevertheless, descriptions this feature are not quantitative and measurements giving percentage of similarity seeds reference figures available in literature. Lateral views Silene resemble cardioid cardioid-derived Dorsal views, nonetheless, ellipses derivatives, allowing seed shape quantification by defined In work, we apply...