Sensitivity to certain spatial frequencies declines with age and this may have profound effects on reading performance. However, the frequency content of text actually used by older adults (aged 65+), how differs from that young 18-30), remains be determined. To investigate issue, eye movement behavior adult readers was assessed using a gaze-contingent moving-window paradigm in which shown normally within region centered at point gaze, whereas outside filtered contain only low, medium, or...

Background Normal reading relies on the reader making a series of saccadic eye movements along lines text, separated by brief fixational pauses during which visual information is acquired from region text. In English and other alphabetic languages read left to right, useful each pause generally reported extend further right fixation than left. However, asymmetry perceptual span for in opposite direction (i.e., left) has received much less attention. Accordingly, order more fully investigate...

Substantial evidence indicates that older readers of alphabetic languages (e.g., English and German) compensate for age-related reading difficulty by employing a more risky strategy in which words are skipped frequently. The effects healthy aging on behavior nonalphabetic languages, like Chinese, largely unknown, although this would reveal the extent to changes universal. Accordingly, present research used measures eye movements investigate adult age differences Chinese reading. young (18–30...

Studies using a grammaticality decision task have revealed surprising flexibility in the processing of word order during sentence reading both alphabetic and non-alphabetic scripts. Participants these studies typically exhibit transposed-word effect, which they make more errors slower correct responses for stimuli that contain transposition are derived from grammatical as compared to ungrammatical base sentences. Some researchers used this finding argue words encoded parallel reading, such...

Objectives. Sensitivity to spatial frequencies changes with age and this may have profound effects on reading. But how the actual contributions reading performance made by frequency content of text differs between young (18-30 years) older (65+ adults remains be fully determined. Accordingly, we manipulated used eye movement measures assess in both groups. Method. Sentences were displayed as normal or filtered contain only very low, medium, high, high frequencies. Reading time movements...

We compared reading acquisition in English and Italian children up to late primary school analyzing RTs errors as a function of various psycholinguistic variables changes due experience. Our results show that becomes progressively more reliant on larger processing units with age, but this is modulated by consistency the language. In English, an inconsistent orthography, reliance occurs earlier it demonstrated faster RTs, stronger effect lexical lack length (by fifth grade). However, not all...

Older adults (65 + years) often have greater difficulty in reading than young (18-30 years). However, the extent to which this is attributable impaired eye-movement control uncertain. To address issue, alignment and location of two eyes' fixations during were monitored for older adults. showed typical patterns but results revealed no age differences or fixations. Thus, experience not related oculomotor control, appears be preserved into age.

The study examines the nature of eye movement control and word recognition during scanning for a specific topic, compared to reading comprehension.Experimental trials included manipulation frequency: critical was frequent (and orthographically familiar) or infrequent (two conditions: familiar, unfamiliar).First-pass times showed effects frequency both scanning, with no interactions between characteristics task.Therefore, in contrast task searching single (Rayner & Fischer, 1996), there are...

Reductions in stimulus quality may disrupt the reading performance of older adults more when compared with young because sensory declines that begin early middle age. However, few studies have investigated adult age differences effects on reading, and none examined how this affects lexical processing eye movement control. Accordingly, we report two experiments examine reduced movements (18-24 years), middle-aged (41-51 (65+ years) readers. In Experiment 1, participants read sentences...

Recent evidence indicates that older adults (aged 65+) are more disrupted by removing interword spaces than young 18–30). However, it is not known whether readers also show greater sensitivity to the subtle changes this spacing frequently occur during normal reading. In present study eye movements of and were examined when reading texts for which was normal, condensed half its size or expanded 1.5 times size. Although these in affected movement behaviour, influence did differ between adults....

When reading, low-level visual properties of text are acquired from central vision during brief fixational pauses but the effectiveness these may differ in older age.To investigate, a filtering technique displayed low, medium, or high spatial-frequencies falling within as young (18-28 years) and (65+ adults read.Reading times for normal did not across age groups striking differences spatial frequencies were observed.Consequently, even when read equally well, differs markedly age.

Eye-movement studies have demonstrated that, relative to college-aged readers, older readers of alphabetic languages like English and German tend read more slowly, making frequent longer fixations saccades, skipping words, but also regressions. These findings led suggestions that either adopt a "risky" strategy using context "guess" words as way compensating for slower rates lexical processing, or smaller asymmetrical perceptual span. Unfortunately, neither these hypotheses seemingly...

Effects of word length on where and for how long readers fixate within text are preserved in older age alphabetic languages like English that use spaces to demarcate boundaries.However, effects naturally unspaced, character-based Chinese unknown.Accordingly, we examined differences eye movements short (2-character) (4-character) words during reading.Word eye-fixation times were greater than younger adults.We suggest this difference is due adults' saccades landing more rarely at optimal...

When reading from left to right, useful information acquired during each fixational pause is widely assumed extend 14 15 characters the right of fixation but just 3 4 left, and certainly no further than beginning fixated word. However, this leftward extent strikingly small seems inconsistent with other aspects performance general horizontal symmetry visual input. Accordingly, 2 experiments were conducted examine influence text located using an eye-tracking paradigm in which invisible...

Abstract The study examined whether a classification of errors based on Hendriks and Kolk’s (1997) proposal would effectively characterize the reading profile children learning two orthographies varying for regularity, such as Italian English. considered both an age-match grade-match comparison. Offline analysis error production was carried out lists stimuli: List 1 including regular words frequency matched non-words 2 low-frequency regularity. In 1, Italian-reading made more multiple...

Previous studies have claimed that a precise split at the vertical midline of each fovea causes all words to left and right fixation project opposite, contralateral hemisphere, this division in hemispheric processing has considerable consequences for foveal word recognition. However, research area is dominated by use stimuli from Latinate languages, which may induce specific effects on performance. Consequently, we report two experiments using fundamentally different, non-Latinate language...

Older adults experience greater difficulty compared to young during both alphabetic and nonalphabetic reading. However, while this age-related reading may be attributable visual cognitive declines in older adulthood, the underlying causes remain unclear. With present research, we focused on effects related complexity of written language. Chinese is ideally suited investigating such effects, as characters logographic writing system can vary substantially (in terms their number strokes, i.e.,...