Cardiovascular risk is poorly managed in women, especially during the menopausal transition when susceptibility to cardiovascular events increases. Clear gender differences exist epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, progression, prognosis, and management of risk. Key factors that need be controlled peri-menopausal woman are hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, other components metabolic syndrome, with avoidance careful control diabetes. Hypertension a particularly powerful factor lowering...

Introduction Sex-related physiological differences result in different expressions of diseases for men and women. Data are contradicting regarding the increase female risk cardiovascular disease (CVD) at mid-life. Thus, we studied possible sex age-adjusted mortality CVD non-vascular stratifying our findings by specific age groups. Methods Over one million deaths (1 080 910) reported to Finnish nationwide Causes Death Register 1986–2009 were analyzed. A total 247 942 male 278 752 origin,...

To compare the use of hormone therapy between Finnish postmenopausal women with and without a diagnosis for Alzheimer's disease.Nationwide case-control study.Finnish national population drug register, 1999 2013.All (n=84 739) in Finland who, 2013, received disease from neurologist or geriatrician, who were identified register. Control 739), matched by age hospital district, traced register.Data on obtained reimbursement register.Odds ratios 95% confidence intervals disease, calculated...

In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue (AT) levels of estrogens exceed circulating concentrations. Although increased visceral AT after menopause is related to metabolic diseases, little known about differences in estrogen metabolism between different depots.We compared concentrations and pathways producing estrone estradiol abdominal subcutaneous women.AT serum samples were obtained from 37 women undergoing surgery for nonmalignant gynecological reasons. Serum estrone, estradiol, sulfate...

Objective: Data on the health benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) are derived mainly from use conjugated equine estrogens. Estradiol-based regimens may have a different risk-benefit profile. We evaluated risk death caused by coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, or any among users estradiol-based HT in nationwide study Finland. Methods: A total 489,105 women who used 1994 to 2009 (3.3 million exposure years), as indicated reimbursement register national Cause Death...

Current guidelines recommend annual discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) to evaluate whether a woman could manage without the treatment. The impact HT on cardiovascular health has been widely studied, but it is not known how withdrawal affects risk.We evaluated risk cardiac or stroke death after HT. Design, Patients, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures: Altogether 332 202 Finnish women discontinuing between 1994 2009 (data from National Reimbursement register) were...

We evaluated whether polyacrylamide hydrogel is noninferior to tension-free vaginal tape treat women with primary stress urinary incontinence.In this controlled noninferiority clinical trial patients incontinence were randomized or treatment. The outcome was patient satisfaction and secondary outcomes effectiveness in reducing leakage complications at 1-year followup. For statistical power significance considered 5%, set 80% the limit 20% a 10% expected dropout rate.A total of 224 entered...

Although the ovaries produce majority of estrogens in women before menopause, estrogen is also synthesized peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue (AT). The typical female AT distribution, concentrated subcutaneous and femoro-gluteal regions, estrogen-mediated, but significance synthesis premenopausal poorly understood.Serum visceral homogenates from 28 undergoing non-malignant surgery were analyzed for estrone, estradiol, serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations with liquid...

Background and objective. To estimate whether aerobic training has an effect on frequency of hot flushes or quality life.Design. A randomized controlled trial.Participants setting. Symptomatic, sedentary women (n = 176), 43–63 years, no current use hormone therapy.Intervention. Unsupervised for 50 minutes four times per week during 6 months.Outcomes. Hot as measured with Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) Health-Related Quality Life (HRQoL, SF-36), daily reported phone-based diary,...

Purpose.: To investigate whether postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) increases retinal and ONH blood flow (BF) protects topography the function of ganglion cells in women (PMW). The effect estradiol (E2) treatment on tissue perfusion was also investigated ovariectomized rats, an animal model for menopause. Methods.: Sixty-four healthy PMW were recruited, 29 whom never used HT 35 had (+HT) continuously since onset Blood inferotemporal artery (ITRA), peripapillary retina, rim measured one eye....

Data are controversial on the impact of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) breast cancer mortality. We analyzed nationwide Finnish data mortality risk in women using HT consisting estradiol-only (ET) or estrogen-progestogen (EPT).In total, 489,105 1994 to 2009, traced from reimbursement register, were followed initiation (3.3 million cumulative exposure years) death (n = 1,578 women). The observed deaths compared with those age-standardized background population.The was reduced all users...

The exact mechanisms by which estrogens protect against occlusive vascular disorders are not known. One possibility could be an effect on endothelial vasoactive compounds, such as vasodilatory prostacyclin (PGI2) and vasoconstrictory endothelin (ET-1). Here we report the of 17 beta-estradiol synthesis PGI2 ET-1 in cultured human umbilical vein cells. These cells were incubated absence (control) presence (0.001-1 mumol/L) for 3-24 h with serum (10%) or without serum. release PGI2, assessed...

Abstract Context The decrease in serum estrogens after menopause is associated with a shift from gynoid to an android adipose tissue (AT) distribution. Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) mitigates this change and accompanying metabolic dysfunction, but its effects on AT sex steroid metabolism have not been characterized. Objective We studied of HT subcutaneous visceral estrogen androgen concentrations postmenopausal women. Design, setting, patients, interventions Serum 63 women (n = 50) without...

Cardiovascular risk is poorly managed in women, especially during the menopausal transition when susceptibility to cardiovascular events increases. Clear gender differences exist epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, progression, prognosis and management of risk. Key factors that need be controlled perimenopausal woman are hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity other components metabolic syndrome, with avoidance careful control diabetes. Hypertension a particularly powerful factor lowering blood...

Direct ink writing via single or multihead extrusion is used to synthesize layer-by-layer (LbL) meshes comprising renewable polysaccharides. The best mechanical performance (683 ± 63 MPa modulus and 2.5 0.4 tensile strength) observed for 3D printed structures with full infill density, given the role of electrostatic complexation between oppositely charged components (chitosan cellulose nanofibrils). LbL develop an unexpectedly high wet stability that undergoes gradual weight loss at neutral...

Observational studies indicate that postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) prevents cardiovascular disease, but randomized clinical trials have not confirmed this effect. Hot flushes were more likely to be present in women starting HT observational studies, whereas these symptoms mild or absent among attending trials. We hypothesized vascular function may differ with and without vasomotor hot flushes.One hundred forty-three recently showing a broad range of variation studied radial artery...

We assessed the impact of hot flashes and various forms hormone therapy on health-related quality life sexual well-being in recently postmenopausal women.We prospectively interviewed 150 healthy women about (using Women's Health Questionnaire McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire), menopause-related symptoms, general health. The were classified into those with (n = 72) without 78) treated for 6 months transdermal estradiol (1 mg/d), oral (2 mg/d) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 placebo.At...

The aim of this study was to assess whether aerobic training affects menopausal symptoms in recently postmenopausal sedentary women.Symptomatic women aged 45 63 years (N = 176; 3-36 months since last menstruation) were randomly assigned an or a control group. intervention included unsupervised for 50 minutes four times weekly 24 weeks, whereas the group attended health lectures twice month. Symptoms reported day using mobile phone. perceived disturbance (night sweats, mood swings,...