Abstract An indirect radar reflectivity assimilation scheme has been developed within the Weather Research and Forecasting model three-dimensional data system (WRF 3D-Var). This scheme, instead of assimilating directly, assimilates retrieved rainwater estimated in-cloud water vapor. analysis is provided to show that avoids linearization error Z – q r (reflectivity–rainwater) equation. A new observation operator introduced assimilate The performance demonstrated by observations into Rapid...

Abstract With a goal of improving operational numerical weather prediction (NWP), the Developmental Testbed Center (DTC) has been working with centers, including, among others, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Aeronautics Space (NASA), U.S. Air Force, to support models/systems their research, perform objective testing evaluation NWP methods, facilitate research-to-operations transitions. This article introduces first attempt...

Abstract Two parallel experiments were designed to evaluate whether assimilating microwave radiances with a cyclic, limited-area ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) could improve track, intensity, and precipitation forecasts of Typhoon Morakot (2009). The configured identically, except that one assimilated the other did not. Both produced EAKF analyses every 6 h between 1800 UTC 3 August 1200 9 2009, mean initialized 72-h Weather Research Forecasting model forecasts. Examination...

Abstract The authors propose a new technique for parallelizations of tangent linear and adjoint codes, which were applied in the redevelopment Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model with its Advanced WRF dynamic core using automatic differentiation engine. codes (WRFPLUS) now have following improvements: A complete check interface ensures that developers write accurate ease efficiency. based on nature duality existed among message passing communication routines was adopted to parallelize...

Abstract A blending method to merge the NCEP global analysis with regional from WRF variational data assimilation system is implemented using a spatial filter for purpose of initializing Typhoon (TWRF) Model, which has been in operation at Taiwan’s Central Weather Bureau (CWB) since 2010. The blended weighted toward scales greater than cutoff length 1200 km, and below that. TWRF forecast experiments on 19 typhoons July October 2013 over western North Pacific Ocean show that large-scale GFS...

This article presents a new methodology for assimilating wind observations in their observed form of speed and direction, while taking into account both direction error. It ensures the analysed will be consistent with background values. The formulation is implemented Weather Research Forecasting Data Assimilation system, idealised experiments are used to demonstrate potential benefit. results suggest that analyses from more reasonable when compared conventional methodology. forecasts...

Conditional non-linear optimal perturbation (CNOP), which is a natural extension of the linear singular vector into regime, has been suggested to identify data-sensitive regions in adaptive observation strategy. CNOP global maximum cost function, whereas, local function if exists. The potential application CNOPs tropical cyclone researched. and first (FSV) are numerically obtained by spectral projected gradient algorithm with Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model. This paper examines two...

Abstract In this paper several configurations of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), which is implemented at Beijing Institute Urban Meteorology in China, are used to demonstrate initial noise problem caused either by interpolating global model fields onto an MM5 grid or using objective analysis schemes. An implementation a digital filter initialization (DFI) package then documented. A heavy rain case...

The assimilation of wind observations in the form speed and direction (asm_sd) by Weather Research Forecasting Model Data Assimilation System (WRFDA) was performed using real data employing a series cycling experiments for 2-week period, as follow-up an idealised post hoc experiment. satellite-derived Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMV) surface dataset Meteorological Ingest (MADIS) were assimilated. This new method takes into account observation errors both (<em>spd</em>) (<em>dir</em>), WRFDA...

The first Chinese operational Ku-band scatterometer on board Haiyang-2A (HY-2A), launched in August 2011, is designed for monitoring the global ocean surface wind. This study estimates quality of near-real-time (NRT) retrieval wind speed and direction from HY-2A 36 months 2012 to 2014. We employed three types sea-surface data oceanic moored buoys operated by National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Tropical Atmospheric Ocean project (TAO), European Centre Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF)...

This study evaluates the impact of Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) observations on regional 24-hour forecast error reduction over Continental United States (CONUS) domain using adjoint-based sensitivity to observation (FSO) method as diagnostic tool. The relative TAMDAR reducing was assessed by conducting WRFDA FSO experiments for two two-week-long periods, one in January and June 2010. These assimilated operational data other conventional observations, well GPS...

Based on the perspective of complex directed weighted network analysis, this paper constructs a static resilience evaluation framework for trade networks from two dimensions: structural and node resilience. It studies evolution in upstream, midstream, downstream, recycling global wood forest products 2002 to 2021. The study finds that total volume has increased by 58.0%, 77.3%, 71.2%, 77.2% sectors, respectively. downstream exhibits efficient information transmission resource mobility...

An Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) was designed and developed to assess the potential benefit of Infrared Sounding on Meteosat Third Generation (MTG-IRS) geostationary meteorological satellite system regional forecasts. In proposed OSSE framework, two different models, namely, MM5 WRF were used in a nature run data assimilation experiments, respectively, reduce identical twin problem. The 5-day run, which included three convective storms that occurred during period from 11 16...

ABSTRACT A magnetotelluric finite‐element modelling algorithm is developed, which capable of handling three‐dimensional conductive and magnetic anisotropic anomalies. Different from earlier methods, the we presented has taken anisotropy into consideration. The variational equations are produced by Galerkin method governing solved using a hexahedral vector edge method. accuracy this firstly validated comparing its solutions with results finite‐difference for arbitrary model, then analytical...

An autonomous navigation based on the line of sight (LOS) measurements natural landmarks is presented for earth orbit satellite. Firstly, landmark-based scheme described with assumption that camera installed a gimbal mount and criterion landmark visibility given. Then mathematical models are established. Based established models, observability analysis performed result shows system observable as long observed not always sub-satellite point. The numerical simulation low Earth (LEO) satellite...