The expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) induced by nonlethal treatment confers acquired thermotolerance (AT) to organisms against subsequent challenges otherwise lethal temperature. After the stress signal is removed, AT gradually decays, with decreased Hsps during recovery. sufficient duration critical for sessile such as plants survive repeated in their environment, but little known regarding its regulation. To identify potential regulatory components, we took a reverse genetics...

Summary The Phalaenopsis orchid produces complex flowers that are commercially valuable, which has promoted the study of its flower development. E‐class MADS ‐box genes, SEPALLATA ( SEP ), combined with B‐, C‐ and D‐class involved in various aspects plant development, such as floral meristem determination, organ identity, fruit maturation, seed formation architecture. Four ‐like genes were cloned from orchid, duplicated Pe s grouped into 1/3 2/4 . All expressed all organs. 2 expression was...

Since its discovery, the taxonomic status of only species Kerivoula (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Kerivoulinae) to be found on Taiwan has been confused. Previous studies have assigned this either hardwickii or K. titania, both which occur continental SE Asia. This uncertainty supports repeated suggestions in literature that specimens collected and/or sampled across Asia are likely represent multiple cryptic taxa. To address these issues, we combined new and existing data from genus Asia,...

The diversity of flower colours in nature provides quantifiable evidence for how visitations by colour sensing insect pollinators can drive the evolution angiosperm visual signalling. Recent research shows that both biotic and abiotic factors may influence signalling, harsher climate conditions also promote salient signalling to entice scarcer visit. In parallel, a more sophisticated appreciation task foragers face reveals bees have complex system uses achromatic vision when moving fast,...

Aim The East Asia endemic Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata is an iconic and relictual monotypic conifer whose main extant populations are now restricted to the Yunnan–Myanmar border, northern Vietnam Taiwan. It has also been reported from several localities in Guizhou, Hubei Fujian Provinces, China. Its fossil record indicates that, while it was more widely distributed Northern Hemisphere grew under a range of different ecological conditions, remained almost unchanged its morphology for over...

Leafy flowers are the major symptoms of peanut witches' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma infection in Catharanthus roseus. The orthologs phyllody symptoms1 (PHYL1) effector PnWB from other species can trigger proteasomal degradation several MADS box transcription factors, resulting leafy flower formation. In contrast, flowering negative regulator gene SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) was up-regulated PnWB-infected C. roseus plants, but most microRNA (miRNA) genes had repressed expression....

Abstract Rapid and accurate identification of endangered species is a critical component biosurveillance conservation management, potentially policing illegal trades. However, this often not possible using traditional taxonomy, especially where only small or preprocessed parts plants are available. Reliable can be achieved via comprehensive DNA barcode reference library, accompanied by precise distribution data. these require extensive sampling at spatial taxonomic scales, which has rarely...

The quantification of floral shape variations is difficult because flower structures are both diverse and complex. Traditionally, quantified using the qualitative linear measurements two-dimensional (2D) images. 2D images cannot adequately describe structures, thus lead to unsatisfactory discrimination shape. This study aimed acquire three-dimensional (3D) by microcomputed tomography (μCT) examine geometric morphometrics (GM). To demonstrate advantages 3D-µCT-GM approach, we applied approach...

Organelle genomes of land plants are predominately inherited maternally but in some cases can also be transmitted paternally or biparentally. Compared to seed (> 83% genera angiosperm and > 12% gymnosperms), plastid genome (plastome) inheritance has only been investigated fewer than 2% fern genera, mitochondrial (mitogenome) from one genus. We developed a new efficient method examine plastome mitogenome species—Deparia lancea (Athyriaceae, Aspleniineae, Polypodiales), found that DNAs were...

Titanotrichum oldhamii has been variously placed in Gesneriaceae or Scrophulariaceae, although most recent taxonomic treatments treat it as a monotypic tribe within Gesneriaceae. In this study, we reconstructed broad-scale phylogeny containing using gene sequences from four sequence regions (chloroplast trnL-F intron and spacer atpB-rbcL spacer, nuclear 26S ribosomal DNA, the low-copy developmental CYCLOIDEA, CYC). The phylogenies inferred each individual data set combined are congruent...

Fern gametophytes and young sporophytes often provide too little material for DNA extraction are particularly difficult to identify genus. Here we developed an efficient procedure called 'Tissue-direct PCR', in which a slice of fern tissue is mixed with PCR reagents primers, allowing certain genomic regions be amplified directly the thermal cycler. For these diminutive featureless stages ferns, Tissue-direct combined amplifying plant barcodes promises make identification immature ferns easy...

The cool temperate origin of gymnosperm Taxus species in East Asia is specifically diverse and widespread. Certain lineages have managed to extend their distribution further south subtropical tropical islands such as Taiwan the Philippines. To address questions including whether these insular lineages, recently identified T. phytonii , become genetically distinct from each other continental relatives, when how they colonized residing islands, we sampled over 11 populations, covering 179...

Titanotrichum oldhamii (a monotypic genus from Taiwan, Okinawa, and adjacent regions of China) has inflorescences bearing either showy yellow flowers or asexual bulbils. Asexual reproduction by bulbils is important in natural populations, bulbil production increases August September at the end flowering season (which runs June to September). The are small (∼1–2.5 mm long) numerous. They consist a portion stem (bract‐stem) topped opposite storage bracts that enclose minute apical meristem. A...

• Background and AimsTitanotrichum oldhamii is a monotypic genus distributed in Taiwan, adjacent regions of China the Ryukyu Isands Japan. Its conservation status vulnerable as most populations are small widely scattered. Titanotrichum has mixed system reproduction with vegetative bulbils seeds. The aim this study was to understand population genetic structure relation its specific reproductive behaviour determine possible implications for strategies.

A subsampling structure, an N-Queen lattice, for spatially decimating a block of pixels is presented. Despite its use many applications, we demonstrate that the lattice can be used to speed up motion estimation with nominal loss coding efficiency. With simple construction, characterizes spatial features in vertical, horizontal, and diagonal directions both texture edge areas. Especially 4-Queen case, every skipped pixel has minimal equal distance unity selected pixel. It hierarchically...

CBF/DREB duplicate genes are widely distributed in higher plants and encode transcriptional factors, or CBFs, which bind a DNA regulatory element impart responsiveness to low temperatures dehydration. We explored patterns of genetic variations CBF1, -2, -3 from 34 accessions Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular population analyses these indicated that CBF2 has much reduced nucleotide diversity the unit promoter, suggesting been subjected recent adaptive sweep, agrees with reports protein CBF2....

Phalaenopsis is a horticulturally important genus of c. 63 spp. native to Southeast Asia. Aiming understand the genome differentiation and phylogenetic relationships in diploid spp., we investigated nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry karyomorphology mapped rDNA loci fluorescence situ hybridization address differentiation. Most species have chromosome complement 2n = 38 (but different karyotype compositions). Chromosome reduction only observed section Aphyllae (2n 34 36). The sizes differ...

Pollinators with different vision are a key driver of flower coloration. Islands provide important insights into evolutionary processes, and previous work suggests islands may have restricted colors. Due to both species richness high endemism in tropical–subtropical environments, potentially changing pollinator distributions altitude, we evaluated color diversity across the mountainous island Taiwan comparative framework understand cause diversity. We sampled signaling on considering...

This study used three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging to examine petal form variation in a hybrid cross of Sinningia speciosa between cultivar with actinomorphic flowers and variety zygomorphic flowers. The major objectives were determine the genotype–phenotype associations CYCLOIDEA2-like alleles S. (SsCYC) morphologically investigate differences types In this study, μCT was accurately acquire 3D floral images. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM) applied...