A5028622642- Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Cultural Differences and Values
- Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Psychology of Social Influence
- Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Team Dynamics and Performance
- Ethics in Business and Education
- Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Child and Animal Learning Development
- Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Economic and Environmental Valuation
- Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis
- Housing Market and Economics
- Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Resilience and Mental Health
- Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
- Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence
University of Chicago
2015-2024
Stanford University
2021-2022
University of Illinois Chicago
2010-2022
Booth University College
2014-2021
Decision Research
2012
Bay State College
2007
Carnegie Mellon University
2007
Harvard University Press
2004-2005
Harvard University
2001-2004
William James College
2004
The authors propose that people adopt others' perspectives by serially adjusting from their own. As predicted, estimates of perceptions were consistent with one's own but differed in a manner serial adjustment (Study 1). Participants slower to indicate another's perception would be different from--rather than similar to--their 2). Egocentric biases increased under time pressure 2) and decreased accuracy incentives 3). also when participants more inclined accept plausible values encountered...
Anthropomorphism is a far-reaching phenomenon that incorporates ideas from social psychology, cognitive developmental and the neurosciences. Although commonly considered to be relatively universal with only limited importance in modern industrialized societies-more cute than critical-our research suggests precisely opposite. In particular, we provide measure of stable individual differences anthropomorphism predicts three important consequences for everyday life. This demonstrates predict...
One way to make judgments under uncertainty is anchor on information that comes mind and adjust until a plausible estimate reached. This anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic assumed underlie many intuitive judgments, insufficient adjustment commonly invoked explain judgmental biases. However, despite extensive research anchoring effects, evidence for adjustment-based biases has only recently been provided, the causes of remain unclear. was designed identify origins adjustment. The results two...
Humans appear to reason using two processing styles: System 1 processes that are quick, intuitive, and effortless 2 slow, analytical, deliberate occasionally correct the output of 1. Four experiments suggest activated by metacognitive experiences difficulty or disfluency during process reasoning. Incidental disfluency--receiving information in a degraded font (Experiments 4), difficult-to-read lettering (Experiment 2), while furrowing one's brow 3)--reduced impact heuristics defaults...
We propose that the tendency to anthropomorphize nonhuman agents is determined primarily by three factors (Epley, Waytz, & Cacioppo, 2007), two of which we test here: sociality motivation and effectance motivation. This theory makes unique predictions about dispositional, situational, cultural, developmental variability in anthropomorphism, dispositional situational influences stemming from both these motivations. In particular, whether those who are dispositionally lonely (sociality...
People's estimates of uncertain quantities are commonly influenced by irrelevant values. These anchoring effects were originally explained as insufficient adjustment away from an initial anchor value. The existing literature provides little support for the postulated process adjustment, however, and a consensus that none takes place seems to be emerging. We argue this conclusion is premature, we present evidence produces when anchors self-generated. In Study 1, participants' verbal reports...
People typically believe they are more likely to engage in selfless, kind, and generous behaviors than their peers, a result that is both logically statistically suspect. However, this oft-documented tendency presents an important ambiguity. Do people feel holier thou because harbor overly cynical views of peers (but accurate impressions themselves) or charitable themselves (and peers)? Four studies suggested it was the latter. Participants consistently overestimated likelihood would act...
People are motivated to maintain social connection with others, and those who lack other humans may try compensate by creating a sense of human nonhuman agents. This occur in at least two ways-by anthropomorphizing agents such as animals gadgets make them appear more humanlike increasing belief commonly anthropomorphized religious (such God). Three studies support these hypotheses both among individuals chronically lonely (Study 1) induced feel (Studies 2 3). Additional findings suggest that...
People commonly anthropomorphize nonhuman agents, imbuing everything from computers to pets gods with humanlike capacities and mental experiences. Although widely observed, the determinants of anthropomorphism are poorly understood rarely investigated. We propose that people anthropomorphize, in part, satisfy effectance motivation-the basic chronic motivation attain mastery one's environment. Five studies demonstrated increasing by manipulating perceived unpredictability a agent or...
Without the benefit of paralinguistic cues such as gesture, emphasis, and intonation, it can be difficult to convey emotion tone over electronic mail (e-mail). Five experiments suggest that this limitation is often underappreciated, people tend believe they communicate e-mail more effectively than actually can. Studies 4 5 further overconfidence born egocentrism, inherent difficulty detaching oneself from one's own perspective when evaluating someone else. Because communicators "hear" a...
Group members often reason egocentrically, believing that they deserve more than their fair share of group resources. Leading people to consider other members' thoughts and perspectives can reduce these egocentric (self-centered) judgments such claim it is for them take less; however, the consideration others' actually increases egoistic (selfish) behavior available A series experiments demonstrates this pattern in competitive contexts which considering activates theories likely behavior,...
Whenever we see voters explain away their preferred candidate's weaknesses, dieters assert that a couple scoops of ice cream won't really hurt weight loss goals, or parents maintain children are unusually gifted, reminded people's preferences can affect beliefs. This idea is captured in the common saying, “People believe what they want to believe.” But people don't simply believe. Psychological research makes it clear “motivated beliefs” guided by motivated reasoning—reasoning service some...
People conceive of wrathful gods, fickle computers, and selfish genes, attributing human characteristics to a variety supernatural, technological, biological agents. This tendency anthropomorphize nonhuman agents figures prominently in domains ranging from religion marketing computer science. Perceiving an agent be humanlike has important implications for whether the is capable social influence, accountable its actions, worthy moral care consideration. Three primary factors-elicited...
Connecting with others increases happiness, but strangers in close proximity routinely ignore each other. Why? Two reasons seem likely: Either solitude is a more positive experience than interacting strangers, or people misunderstand the consequences of distant social connections. To examine connecting to we instructed commuters on trains and buses connect stranger near them, remain disconnected, commute as normal (Experiments 1a 2a). In both contexts, participants reported (and no less...
Taking another person's perspective is widely presumed to increase interpersonal understanding. Very few experiments, however, have actually tested whether taking increases accuracy when predicting thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or other mental states. Those that do yield inconsistent results, they confound with egocentrism. Here we report 25 experiments testing being instructed adopt insight. These include a wide range of tests disentangle egocentrism and accuracy, such as emotions from...
The terminology used in discussions on mental state attribution is extensive and lacks consistency. In the current paper, experts from various disciplines collaborate to introduce a shared set of concepts make recommendations regarding future use.
Two experiments examined the impact of financial incentives and forewarnings on judgmental anchoring effects, or tendency for judgments uncertain qualities to be biased in direction salient anchor values. Previous research has found no effect either manipulation magnitude effects. We argue, however, that effects are produced by multiple mechanisms—one involving an effortful process adjustment from "self-generated" anchors, another recruitment anchor-consistent information "externally...
People typically believe they are more likely to engage in selfless, kind, and generous behaviors than their peers, a result that is both logically statistically suspect. However, this oft-documented tendency presents an important ambiguity. Do people feel "holier thou" because harbor overly cynical views of peers (but accurate impressions themselves) or charitable themselves (and peers)? Four studies suggested it was the latter. Participants consistently overestimated likelihood would act...