The amount of acquired radiology imaging studies grows worldwide at a rapid pace. Novel information technology tools for radiologists promise an increase reporting quality and as well quantity the same time. Automated text report drafting is one branch this development. We defined present study in total 9 cases distal radius fracture. Command files structured according to template Radiological Society North America (RSNA) Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osteosynthese (AO) classifiers were given input...

Abstract The goal of this paper is to re-assess reflective equilibrium (“RE”). We ask whether there a conception RE that can be defended against the various objections have been raised in literature. To answer question, we provide systematic overview main objections, and for each objection, investigate why it looks plausible, on what standard or expectation based, how answered which features must meet objection. find promises withstand all objections. However, has some may unexpected: aims...

Quantitative measures for anisotropic characteristics of spatial structure are needed when relating the morphology microstructured heterogeneous materials to tensorial physical properties such as elasticity, permeability and conductance. Tensor-valued Minkowski functionals, defined in framework integral geometry, provide a concise set descriptors morphology. In this article, we describe robust computation these microscopy images polygonal shapes. We demonstrate their relevance shape...

Abstract In computer science, there are efforts to make machine learning more interpretable or explainable, and thus better understand the underlying models, algorithms, their behavior. But what exactly is interpretability, how can it be achieved? Such questions lead into philosophical waters because answers depend on explanation understanding are—and issues that have been central philosophy of science. this paper, we review recent literature interpretability. We propose a systematization in...

Abstract Some machine learning models, in particular deep neural networks (DNNs), are not very well understood; nevertheless, they frequently used science. Does this lack of understanding pose a problem for using DNNs to understand empirical phenomena? Emily Sullivan has recently argued that with is limited by our themselves. In the present paper, we will argue, contra Sullivan, current does limit ability DNNs. Sullivan’s claim hinges on which notion at play. If employ weak understanding,...

The pseudosciences often bear a striking resemblance to the sciences. Using mimicry account as framework, this paper investigates how appearance of social media posts influences people’s perception content such scientific. We present results two empiri- cal studies. first, preparatory study identifies typical characteristics “scientificness” in inform feature manipulations for main study. then examines what happens if features are systematically manipulated. findings support hypothesis that...

Pseudosciences often bear a striking resemblance to the sciences. This paper in- vestigates how appearance of social media posts influences people’s perception their digital content as scientific. We present results two empirical studies. The first, preparatory study identifies typical characteristics “scientificness” in inform feature manipulations for main study. then examines what happens if features are systematically manipulated. findings support hypothesis that pseudoscientific...

Sensor-based surveillance technology (SST) is increasingly employed in the care of people with dementia (PwD) hospitals, nursing homes, and home care. With improved functionality availability SST, there will likely be a growing utilization clinical settings. In context staff shortage, expected resource-efficient safety benefits are attractive but must critically balanced against concerns that basic ethical principles violated. this discussion paper, we provide brief overview frequently used...

How does the clustering of galaxies depend on their inner properties like morphological type and luminosity? We address this question in mathematical framework marked point processes clarify notion luminosity segregation. A number test quantities such as conditional mark-weighted two-point correlation functions are introduced. These descriptors allow for a scale-dependent analysis morphology Moreover, they break degeneracy between an inhomogeneous fractal set actual present Using Southern...

In a follow-up study to previous analysis of the IRAS 1.2 Jy catalogue, we quantify morphological fluctuations in PSCz survey. We use variety measures, among them family scalar Minkowski functionals. confirm existence significant that are discernible volume-limited samples out 200h-1 Mpc. contrast earlier findings, comparisons with cosmological N-body simulations reveal observed roughly agree cosmic variance found corresponding mock samples. While two-point e.g. count-in-cells, fluctuate...

We develop a utilitarian framework to assess different decision rules for the European Council of Ministers. The proposals be decided on are conceptualized as utility vectors and probability distribution is assumed over utilities. first show what yield highest expected utilities means distribution. For with high mean utility, simple benchmark (such majority voting proportional weights) tend outperform that have been proposed in political arena. low it other way round. then compare smaller...

Monte Carlo simulations arrive at their results by introducing randomness, sometimes derived from a physical randomizing device. Nonetheless, we argue, they open no new epistemic channels beyond that already employed traditional simulations: the inference ordinary argumentation of conclusions assumptions built into simulations. We show cannot produce knowledge other than inference, and resemble computer in manner which derive conclusions. Simple examples are analysed to identify underlying...

Is it rational “to prefer even my own acknowledge'd lesser good to greater” or the destruction of whole world scratching finger” (Hume, Treatise II.3.iii/1987, 416)? How we answer these questions depends on what mean by rationality: restricted means-ends rationality does also involve prudence morality? In this paper, use experiments determine extent which folk conception aligns with standards just mentioned. our experiments, participants rank how similar are rationality, and evaluate...