Molecular communication (MC) is a new engineering paradigm where molecules are employed as information carriers. MC systems expected to enable revolutionary applications, such sensing of target substances in biotechnology, smart drug delivery medicine, and monitoring oil pipelines or chemical reactors industrial settings. As for any other kind communication, simple yet sufficiently accurate channel models needed the design, analysis, efficient operation systems. In this paper, we provide...

In molecular communication (MC) systems, the expected number of molecules observed at receiver over time after instantaneous release by transmitter is referred to as channel impulse response (CIR). Knowledge CIR needed for design detection and equalization schemes. this paper, we present a training-based estimation framework MC which aims estimating based on due emission sequence known numbers transmitter. Thereby, distinguish two scenarios depending whether or not statistical knowledge...

This paper studies the problem of receiver modeling in molecular communication systems. We consider diffusive channel between a transmitter nano-machine and fluid environment. The information molecules released by into environment can degrade via first-order degradation reaction those that reach participate reversible bimolecular with receptor proteins. Thereby, we distinguish two scenarios. In first scenario, assume entire surface is covered molecules. derive closed-form analytical...

Simple and easy to implement testbeds are needed further advance molecular communication research. To this end, paper presents an in-vessel testbed using magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous suspension as they also used for drug targeting biotechnology. The transmitter is realized by electronic pump injection via a Y-connector. A second provides background flow signal propagation. For reception, we employ susceptometer, device including coil, where the particles move through generate...

This letter introduces a formalism for modeling time-variant channels diffusive molecular communication systems. In particular, we consider fluid environment where one transmitter nano-machine and receiver are subjected to Brownian motion in addition the of information molecules used communication. Due stochastic movements nano-machines, statistics channel impulse response change over time. We show that behaviour can be accurately captured by appropriately modifying diffusion coefficient...

Although many exciting applications of molecular communication (MC) systems are envisioned to be at microscale, the MC testbeds reported in literature so far mostly macroscale. This may partially due fact that controlling an system microscale is challenging. To link macroworld microworld, we propose and demonstrate a biological signal conversion interface can also seen as modulator. In particular, proposed transduces optical signal, which controlled using light-emitting diode, into chemical...

In this paper, we consider a multi-hop molecular communication network consisting of one nanotransmitter, nanoreceiver, and multiple nanotransceivers acting as relays. We three different relaying schemes to improve the range diffusion-based communication. first scheme, types messenger molecules are utilized in each hop network. second third assume that two type molecule network, respectively. identify self-interference, backward intersymbol interference (backward-ISI), forward-ISI...

In this paper, we consider mobile molecular communication (MC) systems which are expected to find application in several fields including targeted drug delivery and health monitoring. We develop a mathematical framework for modeling the time-variant stochastic channels of diffusive MC systems. particular, system consisting pair transmitter receiver nano-machines suspended fluid medium with uniform bulk flow, where assume that either or both mobile, model mobility by Brownian motion. The...

In this paper, we propose using mobile nanosensors (MNSs) for early stage anomaly detection. For concreteness, focus on the detection of cancer cells located in a particular region blood vessel. These produce and emit special molecules, so-called biomarkers, which are symptomatic presence anomaly, into cardiovascular system. Detection biomarkers with conventional tests is difficult stages due to very low concentration samples taken. However, close cells, high. Hence, possible if sensor...

Synthetic molecular communication (MC) is a new engineering paradigm which expected to enable revolutionary applications such as smart drug delivery and real-time health monitoring. The design implementation of synthetic MC systems (MCSs) at nano- microscale very challenging. This particularly true for MCSs employing biological components transmitters receivers or interfaces with natural MCSs. Nevertheless, since have been optimized by nature over billions years, using them in highly...

In diffusion-based molecular communication (DMC), a transmitter nanomachine is responsible for signal modulation. Thereby, the has to be able control release of signaling molecules employed representing transmitted information. nature, an important class mechanisms releasing from cells utilizes ion channels which are pore-forming proteins across cell membrane. The opening and closing controlled by gating parameter. this paper, channel based modulator DMC proposed controls rate molecule...

Symbol synchronization refers to the estimation of start a symbol interval and is needed for reliable detection. In this paper, we develop several schemes molecular communication (MC) systems where consider some practical challenges, which have not been addressed in literature yet. particular, take into account that MC systems, transmitter may be equipped with an internal clock able emit molecules fixed release frequency. Such restrictions hold nanotransmitters, e.g., modified cells, lengths...

In this letter, we design matched filters for diffusive molecular communication systems taking into account the following impairments: signal-dependent diffusion noise, inter-symbol interference (ISI), and external interfering molecules. The receiver counts number of observed molecules several times within one symbol interval employs linear filtering to detect transmitted data. We derive optimal filter by maximizing expected signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio decision variable....

Active transport such as fluid flow is sought in molecular communication to extend coverage, improve reliability, and mitigate interference. Flow models are often over-simplified, assuming one-dimensional diffusion with constant drift. However, usually encountered three-dimensional bounded environments where the highly non-uniform blood vessels or microfluidic channels. For a qualitative understanding of relevant physical effects inherent these channels, based on Péclet number...

This paper presents a detailed description of recent biological molecular communication (MC) testbed and provides set experimental measurement data. In particular, the MC is realized using Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria that express light-driven proton pump gloeorhodopsin (GR) from Gloeobacter violaceus (G. violaceus). Upon an external light stimulus, these (as transmitter) export protons signaling molecules) into channel. changes pH level environment, which can be detected with sensor...

Symbol synchronization refers to the estimation of start a symbol interval and is needed for reliable detection. In this paper, we develop framework molecular communication (MC) systems where consider some practical challenges which have not been addressed in literature yet. particular, take into account that MC systems, transmitter may be equipped with an internal clock able emit molecules fixed release frequency. Such restrictions hold nanotransmitters, e.g. modified cells, lengths...

This paper studies a three-node network in which an intermediate nano-transceiver, acting as relay, is placed between nano-transmitter and nano-receiver to improve the range of diffusion- based molecular communication. Motivated by relaying protocols used traditional wireless communication systems, we study amplify-and- forward (AF) with fixed variable amplification factor for use systems. To this end, derive closed-form expression expected end-to-end error probability. Furthermore, optimal...

In the emerging field of molecular communication (MC), testbeds are needed to validate theoretical concepts, motivate applications, and guide further modeling efforts. To this end, paper presents a flexible extendable in-vessel testbed for flow-based macroscopic MC, abstractly modeling, e.g., part chemical reactor or blood vessel. Signaling is based on injecting non-reactive superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) dispersed in an aqueous suspension into tube with background flow....

In this paper, we consider a two-hop molecular communication network consisting of one nanotransmitter, nanoreceiver, and nanotransceiver acting as relay. We two different schemes for relaying to improve the range diffusion-based communication. first scheme, types messenger molecules are utilized at relay node transmission detection. second assume that there is only type molecule available be used an information carrier. identify self-interference performance-limiting effect scheme....

Instantaneous or statistical channel state information (CSI) is needed for most detection schemes developed molecular communication (MC) systems. Since the MC changes over time, e.g., due to variations in velocity of flow, temperature, distance between transmitter and receiver, CSI acquisition has be conducted repeatedly keep track variations. Frequent may entail a large overhead whereas infrequent result low estimation accuracy. To overcome these challenges, we design codes which enable...

In Diffusive Molecular Communication (DMC), information is transmitted by diffusing molecules. Synaptic signaling, as a natural implementation of this paradigm, encompasses functional components that, once understood, can facilitate the development synthetic DMC systems. To unleash potential, however, thorough understanding synaptic communication channel based on biophysical principles needed. Since transmission critically depends also non-neural cells, such requires consideration so-called...

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) are expected to be part of 6G from the start its use, with main objective provide ubiquitous global coverage, including indoor coverage. As NTN being first introduced in a late phase 5G, it is natural use an evolution 5G rather than disruptive approach. In this article we describe current state based on 3GPP Release-17 and 18, which serves as reference for 6G. We outline six building blocks should addressed NTN: coverage enhancements, GNSS independent...

In this paper, we propose to use magnetic nanoparticles as information carriers for molecular communication. This enables the of an external field guide information-carrying particles towards receiver. We show that particle movement can be mathematically modeled diffusion with drift. Thereby, reveal key parameters determining force are size and gradient. As example, consider nanoparticle based communication in a bounded two-dimensional environment. For model, derive analytical expression...

The possibility to guide and control magnetic nanoparticles in a non-invasive manner has spawned various applications biotechnology, such as targeted drug delivery sensing of biological substances. These are facilitated by the engineering size, selective chemical reactivity, general composition employed particles. Motivated their widespread use favorable properties, this paper, we provide theoretical study potential benefits for design molecular communication systems. In particular, consider...

This paper presents a stochastic analysis of the time-variant channel impulse response (CIR) three dimensional diffusive mobile molecular communication (MC) system where transmitter, absorbing receiver, and molecules can freely diffuse. In our analysis, we derive mean, variance, probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution (CDF) CIR. We also PDF CDF p that released molecule is absorbed at receiver during given time period. The obtained analytical results are employed for...