Abstract Maintaining the viability of populations plants and animals is a key focus for environmental regulation. Population‐level responses integrate cumulative effects chemical stressors on individuals as those interact with are affected by their conspecifics, competitors, predators, prey, habitat, other biotic abiotic factors. Models population‐level contaminants can information from lower levels biological organization feed that into higher‐level community ecosystem models. As...

In the last few years, interest in using ecological population models as a tool for pesticide risk assessment has increased rapidly. Practical guidance, however, on how to perform with model is still lacking. It unclear which endpoint (population density, growth, etc.) most sensitive indicator of population-level effects and can be evaluated at level. Moreover, main added value model-based assessments, an understanding mechanisms involved alternative exposure scenarios, so far received...

For regulatory approval of pesticides in the EU, an ecotoxicological risk assessment has to be conducted including long-term effects on mammals. this assessment, toxicity studies are considered which with rodents continuously exposed via diet over a long period. A typical observation these is reduction body weight. Such reductions generally more pronounced at end study and often used derive endpoint for wild mammal assessment. However, exposure field rather short most modern pesticides....

Abstract Spray drift represents a major mode of exposure in off-crop habitats or surface waters after pesticide spray application. Currently, the estimation by is based on deterministic amount drifting residues, either with use default values models, which, however, do not reproduce entire range observed reality. However, because series data from extensive field trials are available, probabilistic methods Monte Carlo simulation can reveal realistic estimates exposures. For development model,...

For plant protection products applied as seed treatments, the risk to birds and mammals possibly feeding on such treated seeds needs be addressed in EU, order register these for commercial use. this purpose, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has provided guidance how execute a assessment. The assessment follows tiered approach. In Tier 1 of EFSA (2023), it is assumed that or have ad libitum access exclusively feed seeds. Due conservative assumption, I typically indicates an unacceptable...

Population models are increasingly being considered as a tool for pesticide risk assessment in order to evaluate how potential effects act on the population level and recovery. While importance difficulties of such have been discussed by various authors during past decade, mainly with focus describe or develop models, several biological methodological aspects never addressed so far, which relevant application assessment. These include critical review our knowledge species, use field data...

ABSTRACT This article presents a case study demonstrating the application of 3 individual‐based, spatially explicit population models (IBMs, also known as agent‐based models) in ecological risk assessments to predict long‐term effects pesticide populations small mammals. The IBMs each used hypothetical fungicide (FungicideX) different scenarios: spraying cereals (common vole, Microtus arvalis ), orchards (field agrestis and cereal seed treatment (wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus ). Each...

Spatial behavior is of crucial importance for the risk assessment pesticides and effects agricultural practice or multiple stressors, because it determines field use, exposition, recovery. Recently, population models have increasingly been used to understand mechanisms driving recovery conduct landscape-level assessments. To include spatial appropriately in use assessments, a new method, "probabilistic walk," was developed, which simulates detailed daily movement individuals by taking into...

An in silico model for predicting skin penetration of active ingredients formulated plant protection products (PPP) has been developed using random forests (machine learning technique) that were trained with data from vitro human studies taken the EFSA dermal absorption database and in-house Bayer. In addition to applied dose, various physicochemical properties considered as parameters. The linked a novel percentile approach order make results usable regulatory purposes. Application an...

Abstract In the environmental risk assessment for plant protection products in European Union a default foliar dissipation half‐life (DT50) of 10 d is used herbivorous birds and mammals feeding on sprayed foliage. This generic DT50 based compilation residue trials conducted over 30 yr ago, which many compounds formulations were considered that are not anymore. We therefore reassessed data set 396 covering compounds. Foliar DT50s calculated, potential factors determining analyzed, such as...

The statistical power of studies for the assessment side effects toxicants on honeybees conducted according to current guidelines is often limited. A new test design and modified field methods have therefore been developed decrease uncertainty variability be able detect small effects. comprises a monitoring phase (before tunnel phase) selection honeybee colonies methods, which include assessments colony strength, an evaluation cell content all cells hives using photos digital analysis, use...

Abstract The current regulatory approach to address aquatic mixture toxicity for pesticides in the EU (EFSA J 11:3290, 2013) is rather complex: typical cases it requires conducting entire risk assessment scheme every exposure scenario separately (e.g. 6–8 ecotoxicological endpoints, each of nine scenarios European Central Zone with 24 common mitigation measure combinations result over 1700 sub-scenarios be assessed). This article discusses available concepts a assessment, key questions...

The electrophoretic variability of blood proteins coding for up to 32 genetic loci was analyzed in 108 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus, Saimiri boliviensis, hybrids) from two captive colonies. Twelve polymorphic with 31 alleles are reported. biallelic Ada* locus, G-statistics and Hardy-Weinberg genotype equilibria useful recognizing hybrids between S. sciureus boliviensis. Backcrosses hybrid stocks gene flow a natural belt, however, complicate the taxonomic diagnosis specimens: phenotypes...

Abstract Background The common vole ( Microtus arvalis ) is typically the wild mammal species driving regulatory pesticide risk assessment (RA) in Europe. endpoint for mammals taken from studies conducted mainly with rodents toxicological part of dossier. Body weight effects these are often selection No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) used wildlife assessment. Thus, assessing body voles very frequently constitutes a key scenario RA. Although many on ecology, reproductive biology,...

Abstract For plant protection products applied as seed treatments, the risk to birds and mammals possibly feeding on treated seeds must be addressed in EU register for commercial use. One assumption of Tier 1 long‐term assessment European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is that residues pesticides do not decline over time after seeding. Consequently, a time‐weighted average factor ( f TWA ) (i.e., no dissipation) used calculate residue concentrations seeds. In contrast, spray applications,...

Allozyme variability was studied in 581 Porcellio scaber from 20 population samples Germany, France, and Poland that were spaced at geographic distances ranging a few metres to 1200 km. Four of 12 inferred genetic loci proved be polymorphic (Aat-2*, Gpi*, Mdh-2*, Pgm*), with three (Aat-2*) five (Gpi*, Pgm*) alleles each. Average polymorphism (P), observed heterozygosity (H o ), allelic diversity (AD) 0.329, 0.155, 1.72, respectively. Genetic among-sample distances, fixation indices,...

Thirteen allozyme gene loci were assayed in 264 Oniscus asellus L. from 10 collection sites Central Europe. Three biallelic polymorphisms (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase Got-2*, glucose-phosphate, and isocitrate Icd-2*) 1 triallelic system (Got-1*) are described. The questionably Icd-l* was omitted subsequent data analysis. Optimized conditions for an allozymic survey of O. presented. GST-fixation indices the genetic interpopulation distances generally increased with geographic distance...

Abstract Background For landscape-level risk assessments of pesticides, the choice scenario is a key question, since it determines outcome assessment. Typically, aim to select realistic worst-case scenario. In present study, landscapes from an area with high proportion cereal fields in France were analysed and simulations population models for wood mouse, common vole, brown hare European rabbit conducted understand if character regarding pesticide exposure survival can be determined based on...