Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) membrane was functionalized with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and used as a substrate for the growing of very long helical-structured Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) diameter less than 20 nm. The structures morphologies fabricated nanostructures were characterized by field emission- scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Raman spectroscopy. By uploading CNTs on PAA, characteristic peaks PAA showed 4 3 times enhancement, respectively, which leads to...

The conversion of waste to energy is an essential process in the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia, where it plays a crucial role management. annual analysis decomposition hazards landfills city Makkah showed that they ranged from 168,000 Mg 1994 297,000 2022. emission costs pollution 4 million 7 number gas emissions plastic accumulating analyzed landfill has increased 128,000 227,000 thermal plasmas used were produced by air plasma torches, which are part reactors. operational...

The distribution of electron temperature T

Waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion is a vital process in the Middle East, especially Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), which considered sustainable development for environmental strategic project. Previous publications dealt with environmentally friendly plasma treatment wastes such as municipal waste, scrap tire plastic and grey water, using thermal plasmas produced by cornerstone part reactors, namely air torch. In present paper, view to energy recovery from medical thermodynamic properties...

The acceleration of inactivating viable cells Escherichia coli (E. coli), by using new direct and indirect innovative methods, is the targeted method an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) operated AC high-voltage power source with variable frequency up to 60 kHz voltage ranging from 2.5 25 kV. Discharges dry argon (0% O2) discharges different wet admixtures O2/Ar ratios 0.25% 1.5% were studied. combined effects discharges, exposure a mesh controller, hollow magnets studied reach complete...

Inactivating viable cells at very short application times has been studied using Ultra Low Frequency Plasma (ULFP) one Kilo Hertz, an RF source. The targeted fashion is to inactivate Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the absence and presence of magnetic field. Adding oxygen (O2) argon (Ar) discharge leads a complete bacterial inactivation, where inactivation rate increased as concentration O2 increases. Analyses experimental data initial final densities cells, survival curves, showed dramatic...

Dry argon (Ar) discharge and wet oxygen/argon (O2/Ar) admixture for alternating current atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) were studied Ar discharges with flow rates ranging from 0.2 to 4 slm O2/Ar different O2 ratios 2.5 15 mslm. The voltage–current waveform signals of APPJ discharge, gas rate, photo-imaging the jet length width, power, axial temperature distribution, optical emission spectra, irradiance investigated. Different behavior varying oxygen content in was observed....

An environmental and economic assessment of the development a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for environmentally friendly treatment waste streams by is outlined view to chemical energetic valorization sustainability in Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA). This especially applicable pilgrimage season city Makkah, which major challenge since amount was estimated at about 750 thousand tons through Arabic Year 1435H (2015), growing rate 3%–5% annually. According statistics, value...

The thickness of the cathode fall region (dc) in magnetized dc argon plasma has been investigated using two different methods, namely axial potential distribution and current density along glow discharge regions. measurements have carried out at edge center surface. Dc (cold cathode) magnetron sputtering unit used. radial distributions magnetic field B, Ia–Va characteristic curves investigated. was between 2 3.3 mm for methods pressure (P) range 0.53–4 mbar. It is concluded that a noticeable...

Plasma gasification is considered an environmentally friendly process to convert plastic waste into fuel oil; a prototype system described test and validate the plasma treatment of as strategic vision. The proposed project will deal with reactor capacity 200 t/day. annual production in tons all regions Makkah city during 27 years for months 1994 2022 evaluated. A statistics survey displays average rate generation ranging from 224 thousand year 400 2022, amount recovered pyrolysis 3.17 × 105...

Three-electrode plasma jet system consisting of a perforated dielectric tube with two outer and one floating inner electrodes was developed employed for nano-coating processes Si [1 0 0] wafer. Lowered gas breakdown voltage, increasing density increased discharge current were achieved by using the electrode. The low temperature (Nonthermal) Atmospheric Pressure Plasma protective coating technique precursor-containing gases (Ar, O2 OMCTS mixture) which injected into Jet (APPJ), there are...

An experimental study was performed on a low-density plasma discharge using two different configurations of the cell cathode, namely, one mesh system electrodes (OMSE) and three (OMTSE), to determine electrical characteristics such as current–voltage characteristics, breakdown voltage (VB), Paschen curves, current density (J), cathode fall thickness (dc), electron treated sample. The influence fluid in region for configuration cells (OMSE OMTSE) performance quality surgical gown studied...

The multifunctionality and the advantages of thermal plasma for fast inactivation viable cells degradation organic compounds dissolved in waste water are presented. A complete bacterial process was observed studied using a treatment source with very short application times, particular Staphylococcus aureus bundle spore survival. The survival curves analyses experimental data initial final densities S. aureus bacteria show dramatic inhibitory effect discharge on residual...

The etching processes of Si [1 0 0] wafer have been studied using two different methods; namely the wet chemical method, HNO3-HF-CH3COOH solution, and Ultra Low Frequency Plasma (ULFP) method at (1KHz). Ion inert gas only (e.g., argon gas), ion an active (beside gas) such as oxygen techniques were used. Calculations parameters produced by plasma for silicon (sample) ( hole depth, width rate) investigated images Optical Scanning microscope (OSM) Joel (JSM). formed (ω) increases increasing...

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been chosen for thermal plasma treatment using a torch attached to reactor, with flow rate air 10-30 mg/s and mean temperature the jet at exhaust nozzle 7000-19 000 K; parameters are easily tunable produce suitable scrap tires. The calculated cold gas efficiency proposed system tires feedstocks is 82.72%. average weight in KSA 218 500 t per year. After treatment, heat energy ton produced annually from 475.4 TJ. 16 synthetic syngas enough 50 013 MJ/day...

Acceleration of antibacterial properties is the targeted fashion recent part our project by studying different techniques, on culture media E. coli., including non-thermal effect using atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and effects combined with photocatalytic APPJ coupled a titanium dioxide TiO2 precursor. The electrical, non-thermal, optical characteristics laminar turbulent mode flow dry argon discharge afterglow were vital in study properties, measured as follows: frequency 25 kHz;...

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the radial distribution function electron temperature (RDFT), for abnormal glow region in a low-density plasma fluid weakly ionized argon gas, are provided. The final proved equation RDFT agrees with data different low pressures ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 torr, confirming that temperatures decrease an increasing product distance (R) gas (P). A comparison two configurations: R>L L>R, axial (L), tip single probe cathode electrode, electrode radius...

All Muslim pilgrims must wear Ihram clothes during the Hajj and Umrah seasons, which presents a great challenge regarding how to eliminate spread of microbes attached cotton fabric from surrounding environment. Targeted fashion research recent past new industrial treatment, has led us study impact heat directed an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), coupled with photocatalytic nanomaterials, for antibacterial treatment Escherichia coli (E. coli) samples, improve pollutant remediation....

Experimental and theoretical studies of the radial distribution function electron temperature (RDFT) in a low-density plasma weakly ionized gas for abnormal glow region are presented. Experimentally, temperatures densities measured by Langmuir probe moved radially from center to edge cathode electrode helium at different pressures low-pressure discharge. The comparison final experimental data low ranging 0.2 1.2 torr, with proved equation RDFT confirms that decrease increasing product...

The ion velocity distribution in a plasma source was investigated through comparison between two different configurations of the cathode cell, namely, one mesh system electrodes (OMSE), and three (OMTSE). ranged from 1 to 3.5 km/s for OMSE 4 22 OMTSE. experimental theoretical function (IVDF) OMTSE under same applied conditions shows better agreement than due difference cell construction, wire configuration, edge. Even though density ions reactor are higher those reactor, found be best avoid...

The influence effect of different holes per inch on the plasma parameters and particle growth has been studied by compression between two gap Aluminum meshes 3 mm width, 8 (8 h/in) 0.3 width 20 (20 at very low pressure. perforated aluminum mesh with small diameter h/in shows a better glow discharge stabilization than large h/in. For both h/in, sharp axial decrements for electron Temperature (Te), where Te decreased from 5.2 to 3.8 eV 2.75 1.8 In contrast increments density (Ne), whereas Ne...

Numerical calculations by using a self-consistent model of the collisional sheath for capacitively coupled RF discharge are our target. The results indicated that, at high pressure, ohmic heating is usually dominant mechanism in discharge. power dissipated calculated and compared with measured data. Moreover, we when gas pressure increased, decreased also while input increased. Furthermore thickness same order electron oscillation amplitude field, ionization mean free path shorter than it.