During olfactory learning in fruit flies, dopaminergic neurons assign value to odor representations the mushroom body Kenyon cells. Here we identify a class of downstream glutamatergic output (MBONs) called M4/6, or MBON-β2β'2a, MBON-β'2mp, and MBON-γ5β'2a, whose dendritic fields overlap with neuron projections tips β, β', γ lobes. This anatomy their tuning suggests that M4/6 pool odor-driven cell synaptic outputs. Like neurons, is required for expression appetitive aversive memory...

Highlights•Sweet taste and nutrient value recruit different reinforcing dopaminergic neurons•Sweetness separately reinforce short- long-term memories•Reinforcement of short-term memory is not dependent on the state hunger•Acquisition retrieval are hunger dependentSummaryDopaminergic neurons provide reward learning signals in mammals insects [1–4]. Recent work Drosophila has demonstrated that water-reinforcing to those for nutritious sugars [5]. Here, we tested whether sweet properties sugar...

In Drosophila, negatively reinforcing dopaminergic neurons also provide the inhibitory control of satiety over appetitive memory expression. Here we show that aversive learning causes a persistent depression conditioned odor drive to two downstream feed-forward GABAergic interneurons mushroom body, called MVP2, or body output neuron (MBON)-γ1pedc>α/β. However, MVP2 is only essential for expression short-term memory. Stimulating preferentially inhibits odor-evoked activity avoidance-directing...

Taking advantage of the well-characterized olfactory system Drosophila, we derive a simple quantitative relationship between patterns odorant receptor activation, resulting internal representations odors, and odor discrimination. Second-order excitatory inhibitory projection neurons (ePNs iPNs) convey information to lateral horn, brain region implicated in innate odor-driven behaviors. We show that distance ePN activity is main determinant fly's spontaneous discrimination behavior....

In Drosophila, anatomically discrete dopamine neurons that innervate distinct zones of the mushroom body (MB) assign opposing valence to odors during olfactory learning. Subsets MB have temporally unique roles in memory processing, but valence-related organization has not been demonstrated. We functionally subdivided αβ neurons, revealing a value-specific role for ∼160 core (αβc) neurons. Blocking neurotransmission from surface (αβs) revealed requirement retrieval aversive and appetitive...

Lepidopterans like the giant sphinx moth Manduca sexta are known for their conspicuous sexual dimorphism in olfactory system, which is especially pronounced antennae and antennal lobe, primary integration center of odor information. Even minute scents female pheromone detected by male moths, facilitated a huge array receptors on antennae. The associated neuropilar areas glomeruli, enlarged males organized form so-called macroglomerular complex (MGC). In this study we searched anatomical more...

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is emerging as a further standard insect model beside Drosophila. Its genome fully sequenced and it susceptible for genetic manipulations including RNA-interference. We use this to study adult brain development plasticity primarily with respect the olfactory system. In current study, we provide 3D atlases of freshly eclosed female male beetles (A0). include eight paired three unpaired neuropils antennal lobes (ALs), optic lobe neuropils, mushroom body...

Olfactory associative learning in Drosophila is mediated by synaptic plasticity between the Kenyon cells of mushroom body and their output neurons. Both inputs from projection neurons are cholinergic, yet little known about physiological function muscarinic acetylcholine receptors adult flies. Here, we show that aversive olfactory flies requires type A (mAChR-A), particularly gamma subtype cells. mAChR-A inhibits odor responses localized cell dendrites. Moreover, knockdown impairs...

In many insect species olfaction is a key sensory modality. However, examination of the chemical ecology insects has focussed up to now on living above ground. Evidence for behavioral responses cues in soil other than CO2 scarce and role played by process finding host roots below ground not yet understood. The question whether soil-dwelling beetle larvae can smell their plant been under debate, but proof as lacking that olfactory perception volatile compounds released damaged plants, known...

The insect order Mantophasmatodea was described in 2002. Prior to that time, several generations of entomologists had assumed all major taxa were known; thus, its description a sensation for zoologists. Since then, surprising abundance and species diversity this taxon have been found, particularly the winter rainfall region South Africa. To learn more about evolutionary lineages, speciation, biogeography Mantophasmatodea, we applied an unusual peptidomics approach. We collected specimens...

How different sensory stimuli are collected, processed, and further transformed into a coordinated motor response is fundamental question in neuroscience. In particular, the internal external conditions that drive animals to switch backward walking mechanisms by which nervous system supports such behavior still unknown. fruit flies, moonwalker descending neurons (MDNs) considered command-type for locomotion as they receive visual mechanosensory inputs transmit motor-related signals...

During metamorphosis, the transition from larva to adult, insect brain undergoes considerable remodeling: New neurons are integrated while larval remodeled or eliminated. One well acknowledged model study metamorphic development is sphinx moth Manduca sexta. To further understand mechanisms involved in of we generated a 3D standard based on selected areas adult females and reconstructed same during defined stages pupal development. Selected include for example mushroom bodies, central...

Abstract Value coding of external stimuli in general, and odor valence particular, is crucial for survival. In flies, thought to be coded by two types neurons: mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) lateral horn (LH) neurons. MBONs are classified as that promote either attraction or aversion, but not both, they dynamically activated upstream This dynamic activation updates the values. contrast, LH receive scaled, non-dynamic, input from their It remains unclear how such a non-dynamic system...

Abstract The paired antennal lobes (ALs) of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta serve as a well‐established model for studying development primary integration centers odor information in brain. To further reveal role neuropeptides during AL development, we have analyzed cellular distribution, developmental time course, and regulation neuropeptide M. allatotropin (Mas‐AT). On basis morphology appearance formation, seven major types Mas‐AT‐immunoreactive (ir) cells could be distinguished. Mas‐AT‐ir...

Neuropeptides constitute a large and diverse class of signaling molecules that are produced by many types neurons, neurosecretory cells, endocrines other cells. Many neuropeptides display pleiotropic actions either as neuromodulators, co-transmitters or circulating hormones, while some play these roles concurrently. Here, we highlight functions different levels neuropeptide in the brain, from context-dependent orchestrating higher order to local executive modulation specific circuits....

Abstract The paired antennal lobes are the first integration centers for odor information in insect brain. In sphinx moth Manduca sexta, like other holometabolous insects, they formed during metamorphosis. To further understand mechanisms involved formation of this particularly well investigated brain area, we performed a direct peptide profiling defined cell group (the lateral group) lobe throughout development by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Although majority about 100 obtained ion signals...

Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) form a large family of cell surface molecules with versatile tasks in organ development. Many aGPCRs still await their functional and pharmacological deorphanization. Here, we characterized the orphan aGPCR CG11318/mayo Drosophila melanogaster found it expressed specific regions gastrointestinal canal anal plates, epithelial specializations that control ion homeostasis. Genetic removal mayo results tachycardia, which is caused by hyperkalemia...