At over 40 years, the Landsat satellites provide longest temporal record of space-based land surface observations, and successful 2013 launch Landsat-8 is continuing this legacy. Ideally, data should be consistent sensor series. The Operational Land Imager (OLI) has improved calibration, signal to noise characteristics, higher 12-bit radiometric resolution, spectrally narrower wavebands than previous Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM +). Reflective wavelength differences between two...

Hydrologic soil groups (HSGs) are a fundamental component of the USDA curve-number (CN) method for estimation rainfall runoff; yet these data not readily available in format or spatial-resolution suitable regional- and global-scale modeling applications. We developed globally consistent, gridded dataset defining HSGs from texture, bedrock depth, groundwater. The resulting product-HYSOGs250m-represents runoff potential at 250 m spatial resolution. Our analysis indicates that global...

Biomass burning is a global phenomenon and systematic burned area mapping of increasing importance for science applications. With high spatial resolution novelty in band design, the recently launched Sentinel-2A satellite provides new opportunity moderate mapping. This study examines performance Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) bands derived spectral indices to differentiate between unburned areas. For this purpose, five pairs pre-fire post-fire top atmosphere (TOA reflectance)...

A global operational land imager (GOLI) Landsat-8 daytime active fire detection algorithm is presented. It utilizes established contextual approaches but takes advantage of the significant increase in reflectance band 7 (2.20 μm) relative to 4 (0.66 μm). The thresholds are fixed and based on a statistical examination 39 million non-burning pixels. Multi-temporal tests changes normalized difference vegetation index previous six months used reduce commissions errors. probabilities for GOLI two...

Modern cancer treatment techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic body (SBRT), have greatly increased the demand for more accurate planning (structure definition, dose calculation, etc) delivery. The ability to use fast Monte Carlo (MC)-based calculations within a commercial system (TPS) in clinical setting is now becoming of reality. This study describes dosimetric verification initial evaluation new MC-based photon beam calculation algorithm, iPlan...

Abstract [1] Instantaneous estimates of the power released by fire (fire radiative power, FRP) are available with satellite active detection products. The temporal integral FRP provides an estimate energy (FRE) that is related linearly to amount biomass burned needed atmospheric emissions modeling community. FRE, however, sensitive and spatial undersampling due infrequent overpasses, cloud smoke obscuration, failure detect cool and/or small fires. Satellite FRPs derived over individual areas...

Savanna woody plants can store significant amounts of carbon while also providing numerous other ecological and socio-economic benefits. However, they are significantly under-represented in widely used tree cover datasets, due to mapping challenges presented by their complex landscapes, the underestimation methods that exclude short stature trees shrubs. In this study, we describe a Google Earth Engine (GEE) application present test case results for percent canopy (%WCC) over large savanna...

Satellite based fire radiant energy retrievals are widely applied to assess biomass consumed and emissions at regional global scales. A known potential source of uncertainty in burning estimates arises from fuel moisture but this impact has not been quantified previous studies. Controlled laboratory experiments used study examine the release (Fire Radiative Energy, FRE, (MJ)) for western white pine needle fuels burned with water content ( W C , unitless) 0.01 0.14. Results indicate a...

We assess 32 years of vegetation change in the West African Sudano-Sahelian region following drought events 1970s and 1980s. Change decadal mean rain use efficiency is used to diagnose trends woody that expected respond more slowly post-drought rainfall gains, while slope productivity–rainfall relationship infer changing herbaceous conditions between early late periods time series. The linearity/non-linearity its impact on interpretation overall greening trends, specific also examined. Our...

The aim of the study was to determine antiangiogenic efficacy vatalanib, sunitinib, and AMD3100 in an animal model human glioblastoma (GBM) by using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) tumor protein expression analysis. Orthotopic GBM-bearing animals were randomly assigned either control group or treatment groups. Following 2 weeks drug treatment, growth vascular parameters measured DCE-MRI. Expression different angiogenic factors extracts a membrane-based antibody...

Deformable image registration (DIR) is an integral component for adaptive radiation therapy. However, accurate between daily cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and treatment planning CT challenging, due to significant variations in rectal bladder fillings as well the increased noise levels CBCT images. Another challenge lack of 'ground-truth' registrations clinical setting, which necessary quantitative evaluation various algorithms. The aim this study establish benchmark patient data....

The Brazilian Tropical Moist Forest Biome (BTMFB) spans almost 4 million km2 and is subject to extensive annual fires that have been categorized into deforestation, maintenance, forest fire types. Information on types important as they different atmospheric emissions ecological impacts. A supervised classification methodology presented classify the type of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active detections using training data defined by consideration government...

Radiation therapy is generally contraindicated for cancer patients with collagen vascular diseases (CVD) such as scleroderma due to an increased risk of fibrosis. The tight skin (TSK) mouse has which, in some respects, mimics that scleroderma. radiation response TSK mice not been previously reported. If are shown have sensitive skin, they may prove be a useful model examine the mechanisms underlying injury, protection, mitigation and treatment. hind limbs parental control C57BL/6 received...

Abstract The cover of woody perennial plants (trees and shrubs) in arid ecosystems is at least partially constrained by water availability. However, the extent to which maximum canopy limited rainfall degree soil holding capacity topography impacts shrub are not well understood. Similar other deserts U.S. southwest, plant communities Jornada Basin Long‐Term Ecological Research site northern Chihuahuan Desert have experienced a long‐term state change from grassland shrubland dominated plants....

Purpose: Prostate deformation is assumed to be a secondary correction and typically ignored in the planning target volume (PTV) margin calculations. This assumption needs tested, especially when margins are reduced with daily image‐guidance. In this study, characteristics of prostate seminal vesicles were determined, dosimetric impact on treatment plans different PTV was investigated. Methods: Ten cancer patients retrospectively selected for each three fiducial markers implanted prostate....

The Brazilian tropical moist forest biome (BTMFB) is experiencing high rates of deforestation and fire. Previous studies indicate that the majority fires occur close to roads, however they did not consider network unofficial roads navigable rivers, nor inter-state inter-annual variability. We examine 8 years Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fire detections cumulative frequency distribution distance each detection closest official road, river bank. Approximately 50...

Globally, the spatial distribution of vegetation is governed primarily by climatological factors (rainfall and temperature, seasonality, inter-annual variability). The local vegetation, however, depends on edaphic conditions (soils topography) disturbances (fire, herbivory, anthropogenic activities). Abrupt or temporal changes in can occur if there are positive (i.e., amplifying) feedbacks favoring certain states under otherwise similar climatic conditions. Previous studies tropical savannas...

Radiation therapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease often requires large fields and may result in significant exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. In long‐term survivors, this increase the risk late toxicity including secondary malignancies. 3D CRT has been successfully used treat but treatment delivery is complex requiring matching photon with electron beams, utilization field‐in‐field techniques partial transmission blocks. HT an arc‐rotational intensity modulated radiation...

Fire Radiative Power (FRP) is related to fire combustion rates and used quantify the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases aerosols. FRP over gas flares wildfires can be retrieved remotely using satellites that observe in shortwave infrared (SWIR) middle (MIR) wavelengths. Heritage techniques retrieve developed for wildland fires MIR 4 μm radiances have been adapted hotter burning SWIR 2 observations. Effects atmosphere, including smoke aerosols, are assumed minimal these algorithms...

Abstract Vegetation buffers local diurnal land surface temperatures, however, this effect has found limited applications for remote vegetation characterization. In work, we parameterize temperature variations as the thermal decay rate derived by using satellite daytime and nighttime temperatures modeled Newton’s law of cooling. The relationship between depends on many factors including type, size, water content, location, conditions. theoretical relationships are elucidated, empirical...