By its very design, the wastewater plumbing system is a harbinger of pathogenic microorganisms with, under some circumstances, potential to enable airborne transmission viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes disease 2019 (COVID-19). In 2003, WHO published final report into superspreading event SARS within housing block in Hong Kong.1WHOConsensus document on epidemiology (SARS). World Health Organization,...

This paper addresses the issue of initiating new service development (NSD) projects. The aim article is to investigate whether firms use systematic procedures generate and screen ideas for services. Utilising a survey marketing managers in UK companies, data were collected areas NSD strategy, idea generation screening. It was found that only half sample have formal undertaken on an ad hoc basis screening, although more prevalent, failing support strategy. Management implications further...

The WHO Consensus Document on the epidemiology of SARS epidemic in 2003, included a report concentrated outbreak one Hong Kong housing block which was considered 'super-spreading event'. conjectured that sanitary plumbing system transmission route for virus. Empty U-traps allowed aerosolised virus to enter households from sewerage system. No biological evidence presented. This research reports pathogens can be and transported airstreams within systems buildings via empty U-traps. A built,...

Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate how service firms evaluate their new development (NSD) activities. A survey marketing managers in UK used elicit information on two subject areas. First, the firm's approach NSD, its strategy, and scope activity area. Second, measuring performance at both project programme level. It found that although services are an important source revenue for most, still not satisfied with ability develop services. On whole, employ a limited number...

Aerosols are readily transported on airstreams through building sanitary plumbing and sewer systems, those containing microbial pathogens (known as bioaerosols) recognized contributors to infection spread within buildings. When a defect occurs in the system that affects integrity, cross-transmission route is created can enable emission of bioaerosols from into building. These occurrences characterized short-burst events (typically <1 min duration) which make them difficult detect predict....

The main pond within the historic Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is an important component of urban blue-green infrastructure. This paper reports on flood resilience provided by (simulated using CityCAT hydrodynamic model), its water residence times (obtained Shetran hydrological and ecology biodiversity (vascular plants, bryophytes, aquatic invertebrates, phyto- zooplankton, birds) adjacent area. results show that improves with at least a 27% reduction in peak discharge during 1 h, one...

This paper reports the findings of a research investigation into effect knowledge management (KM) on performance programme-level services innovation. It explores factors which influence way in “task knowledge” required to complete new service development (NSD) process is created, transferred and stored. Based results large survey UK-based companies, number underlying dimensions KM activities are identified. Knowledge creation consists learning culture, an entrepreneurial climate,...

Abstract Domestic front gardens provide a valuable asset in the control of surface water runoff towns and cities. Projected increases future rainfall make this increasingly important, while growing trends paving over puts at jeopardy. The contribution paved to overall urban flood burden is often neglected. This paper quantifies rainwater from typical garden using numerical simulation. Runoff quantified terms both current intensities relation variables impermeable cover soil type. Garden...

A potential cross-transmission route, first identified in the spread of SARs virus South East Asia, which infection was by virus-laden aerosolised droplets entering habitable space via defective water traps is investigated. The main aim this work to detect norovirus wastewater from collection drain a hospital Building Drainage System and attempt trace it BDS vent airflow. methodology employed polymerase chain reaction tests on waste samples indicated strong positives for GII strain drain,...

National design guides provide essential guidance for the of building drainage systems, which primarily ensure basic objectives preventing odor ingress and cross-transmission disease through water-trap seal retention. Current system only extend to buildings 30 floors, while modern tall frequently over 100 exceeding predictive capability current in terms operating conditions. However, same are being used as would be low-rise buildings. A complicating factor is historic roots standards...

The suppression of pressure transients in building drainage systems is essential for reducing cross-contamination by the spread pathogens. topic now much better understood due to work following invention first drainage-specific positive-pressure transient-attenuation device year 2000. present research addresses attenuation larger problematic air-pressure found tall buildings. development a new technique described positive air approximately 2000 mm water gauge (wg) (20 kPa) which there...

The appliance trap seal plays a vital role in safeguarding occupied space from ingress of foul sewer gases driven by the barrage pressure transients generated within system during normal discharge. health risks related to depleted seals can be severe. In 2003, rapid spread SARS virus at Amoy Gardens housing complex Hong Kong was attributed bathroom floor-drain traps. This paper presents technique whereby located remotely monitoring response an applied single pulse. A Method Characteristic...

The move towards multi-faceted approaches to flood risk management is cemented in the European Union (EU) floods directive (directive 2007/60/EC). Across Europe, resources are diverted softer interventions such as using planning system control developments areas, and citizens encouraged live with floods. Damage mitigation nevertheless remains important a market has therefore been developing for technologies that help manage at receptor scale, door window guards perimeter barriers. However,...

Energy management concerns a lot of parameters, data and conditions. A holistic view the plant is necessary to identify areas with high energy consumption. Hence, has be integrated in overall production system. Monitoring control related key performance indicators different levels vital beginning phase for improving efficiency. Therefore, this study aims at developing an approach improve efficiency manufacturing by facilitating monitoring through ICT-supported KPI intelligence serving as...

Depleted appliance trap seals were shown to be a causal factor in the spread of SARS virus at Amoy Gardens housing complex Hong Kong 2003. This serious health risk has emphasised requirement for an effective maintenance regime ensure do not again facilitate infection and disease. paper introduces remote non-invasive technique identify depleted through analysis system response applied sinusoidal pressure wave. The signal will analysed both time domain frequency determine status. Results...

Property-based rainwater drainage provision comprises a number of components broadly categorised as roof, surface or underground drainage. These systems are relied upon to prevent water ingress the building and avoid localised ponding flooding. Recognition inherently unsteady response integrated network, in part driven by particular rainfall event but also due transient nature fluid flows therein, is important allowing an understanding system performance under both current future climate...

The European Commission has identified labelling as a means of encouraging consumers to opt for water-efficient products. A common water label at the level would help countries achieve efficiency in cohesive way. This paper examines some schemes currently implemented around world order draw together knowledge-base best practice. Mandatory labels are shown be most effective consumer uptake, while additional supportive information (such product performance data and potential financial savings)...

A model is presented which allows steady-state pressure profiles in high-rise wastewater drainage networks to be related intake air flowrates and discharge water flowrates. This developed using data taken from academic literature, based on experimental observations suggest that a vertical annular downflow develops over distance such the gradient wet stack may expressed as sum of junction components flow components. The used analyse simplified ‘medium rise’ primary vented system height 40 m,...

Abstract Aerosols are readily transported on airstreams through building sanitary plumbing and sewer systems those containing microbial pathogens (known as bioaerosols) recognised contributors to infection spread within buildings. When a defect occurs in the system that affects integrity, cross-transmission route is created can enable emission of bioaerosols from into building. These occurrences characterised short-burst events (typically &lt; 1 minute duration) which makes them difficult...

The loss of fixture trap seals presents a potential cross-contamination route for sewer-borne pathogens. defective identification method was developed to assess the status using non-destructive ‘sonar-like’ test based on reflected wave technique. System diagnosis, proven over several years laboratory and sited-based validation, primarily depended manual interpretation system pressure responses identify location from return time. This paper advances technique by introducing ‘TRACER’ program...