Abstract T cell activation requires at least two distinct signals, including signaling via the Ag-specific TCR and a costimulatory pathway. The best characterized pathway involves CD28 molecule, which is expressed constitutively on cells binds family of B7 counter-receptors APCs. Inhibition this prevents can lead to long-term unresponsiveness or anergy. In contrast, CTLA4, homologous CD28, has been shown be negative regulator activation. CTLA4 molecule not resting cells, but induced after...

Abstract The invariant development and transparent body of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enables complete delineation cell lineages throughout development. Despite extensive studies division, migration fate differentiation, morphology during has not yet been systematically characterized in any metazoan, including C. . This knowledge gap substantially hampers many both developmental biology. Here we report an automatic pipeline, CShaper, which combines automated segmentation...

T cell activation requires at least two signals transduced by the Ag-specific TCR plus a costimulatory receptor. The CD28 molecule has been shown to promote proliferation and cytokine production. CTLA-4, surface homologous CD28, can function as repressor of activation. Thus, CTLA-4 may have opposing functions during is expressed low levels on resting cells up-regulated after Regulation expression critical normal regulation immunity. For example, CTLA-4-deficient mice develop early onset...

Morphogenesis is a precise and robust dynamic process during metazoan embryogenesis, consisting of both cell proliferation migration. Despite the fact that much known about specific regulations at molecular level, how migration together drive morphogenesis cellular organismic levels not well understood. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as model animal, we present phase field to compute early embryonic within confined eggshell. With physical information division obtained from three-dimensional...

The phase field model can accurately simulate the evolution of microstructures with complex morphologies, and it has been widely used for cell modeling in last two decades. However, compared to other cellular models such as coarse-grained vertex model, its high computational cost caused by three-dimensional spatial discretization hampered application scalability, especially multicellular organisms. Recently, we built a coupled vivo imaging data reconstruct embryonic morphogenesis...

Cell polarization is a critical process that separates molecular species into two distinct regions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, guiding biological processes such as cell division differentiation. Although several underlying antagonistic reaction-diffusion networks capable of setting up have been identified experimentally theoretically, our understanding how to manipulate pattern stability asymmetry remains incomplete, especially when only subset network components are known. Here we...

How cells change shape is crucial for the development of tissues, organs and embryos. However, studying these changes in detail challenging. Here we present a comprehensive real-time cellular map that covers over 95% formed during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis, featuring nearly 400,000 3D cell regions. This includes information on each cell's identity, lineage, fate, shape, volume, surface area, contact gene expression profiles, all accessible through our user-friendly software...

Abstract Caenorhabditis elegans has been widely used as a model organism in developmental biology due to its invariant development. In this study, we developed desktop software CShaperApp segment fluorescence‐labeled images of cell membranes and analyze cellular morphologies interactively during C. embryogenesis. Based on the previously proposed framework CShaper, empowers biologists automatically efficiently extract quantitative morphological data with either an existing deep learning or...

The shape of a cell as defined by its membrane can be closely associated with physiological state. For example, the irregular shapes cancerous cells and elongated neuron often reflect specific functions, such motility communication. However, it remains unclear whether which descriptors characterize different cellular states. In this study, 12 geometric for three-dimensional (3D) object were collected from previous literature tested public dataset ~400,000 independent 3D regions segmented...

The early embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is well-known for its stereotypic precision of cell arrangements and their lineage relationship. Much research has been focused on how biochemical processes achieve highly reproducible tree. However, origin robustness poorly understood. Here, we set out to provide a mechanistic explanation combining mechanical forces with order orientation division ensures robust arrangement cells. We used simplified model simulate cells face...

Nematode species are well-known for their invariant cell lineage pattern during development. Combining knowledge about the fate specification induced by asymmetric division and anti-correlation between cycle length volume in Caenorhabditis elegans, we propose a minimal model to simulate initiation altering segregation ratio each division, quantify derived pattern's performance proliferation speed, diversity, space robustness. The stereotypic C. elegans embryo is found be one of most optimal...

Abstract Cell lineage consists of cell division timing, migration and fate, is highly conserved during development nematode species. An outstanding question how differentiated cells are genetically physically regulated in order to migrate their precise destination among individuals. Here, we first generated a reference embryo using time-lapse 3 dimensional images 222 wild-type C. elegans embryos at about 1.5-minute interval. This was achieved by automatic tracing quantitative analysis...

Early embryonic cell cycles usually alternate between S and M phases without any gap phase. When the are developmentally introduced in various types remains poorly defined especially during embryogenesis. To establish cell-specific introduction of embryo, we generate multiple fluorescence ubiquitin cycle indicators (FUCCI) C. elegans. Time-lapse 3D imaging followed by lineal expression profiling reveals sharp differential accumulation FUCCI reporters, allowing systematic demarcation...

In the early stage of nematode

ABSTRACT The dynamics of cellular morphology throughout development are crucial for morphogenesis and organogenesis, yet their systematic characterization remains a significant challenge. By integrating both nuclear position advanced cell membrane labeling, we develop novel method that enables the segmentation surfaces over 95% cells produced during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. With this method, segment eight wild-type four perturbed embryos. output, including identity, shape,...

Abstract Embryogenesis is a spatio-temporal multicellular evolutional process involved with intracellular biochemical activities and intercellular biophysical interactions. Reproducible precise structures contribute to robustness of embryonic development by cell-cell communication, morphogenesis other significant biological events. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as animal model, recently several researches established mechanical models reconstruct the this developmental system, in which cells...

Abstract hlh-1 is a myogenic transcription factor required for body-wall muscle specification during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans . Despite its well-known role specification, comprehensive regulatory control upstream of remains poorly defined. Here, we first established statistical reference the spatiotemporal expression at single-cell resolution up to second last round divisions most cell lineages (from 4- 350-cell stage) using 13 wild-type embryos. We next generated lineal after...

Cell polarization is a critical process that separates molecules into two distinct regions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, guiding biological processes such as cell division differentiation. Although several underlying antagonistic reaction-diffusion networks capable of setting up have been identified experimentally theoretically, our understanding how to manipulate pattern stability asymmetry remains incomplete, especially when only subset network components are known. Here we present...

Cell polarization is a critical process that separates molecules into two distinct regions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, guiding biological processes such as cell division differentiation. Although several underlying antagonistic reaction-diffusion networks capable of setting up have been identified experimentally theoretically, our understanding how to manipulate pattern stability asymmetry remains incomplete, especially when only subset network components are known. Here we present...

Cell polarization is a critical process that separates molecules into two distinct regions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, guiding biological processes such as cell division differentiation. Although several underlying antagonistic reaction-diffusion networks capable of setting up have been identified experimentally theoretically, our understanding how to manipulate pattern stability asymmetry remains incomplete, especially when only subset network components are known. Here we present...