Copper alloy surfaces are passive antimicrobial sanitizing agents that kill bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. Studies of the mechanism contact killing in Escherichia coli implicate membrane as target, yet specific component underlying biochemistry remain unknown. This study explores hypothesis nonenzymatic peroxidation phospholipids is responsible for copper alloy-mediated surface killing. Lipid was monitored with thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Survival, TBARS...

Molecular genetic analysis is used to characterize the AGT1 gene encoding an α‐glucoside transporter. found in many Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strains and maps a naturally occurring, partially functional allele of MAL1 locus. Agt1p highly hydrophobic, postulated integral membrane protein. It 57% identical Mal61p, maltose permease encoded at MAL6 , also member 12 transmembrane domain superfamily sugar transporters. Like high‐affinity, maltose/proton symporter, but Mal61p capable...

Abstract The MAL gene family of Saccharomyces consists five multigene complexes (MAL1, MAL2, MAL3, MAL4, and MAL6) each which encodes maltose permease (GENE 1), maltase 2) the trans-acting MAL-activator 3). Four these loci have been mapped is located at or near telomere a different chromosome. We compare physical structure their flanking sequences. were shown to be both structurally functionally homologous throughout an approximately 9.0-kb region. orientation was determined be: CENTROMERE ....

The MAL6 locus is one of five closely related unlinked loci, any which sufficient for fermentation maltose in Saccharomyces. Previous genetic analysis indicated that this defined by two complementation groups, MALp and MALg. reportedly a regulatory gene required inducible synthesis the enzymatic functions needed fermentation: permease maltase. We have investigated physical structure locus, has been isolated on recombinant DNA plasmid. One subclone region, pDF-1, was found to encode single...

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the gene functions required to ferment disaccharide maltose are encoded by MAL loci. Any one of five highly sequence homologous loci identified in various S. cerevisiae strains (called MAL1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) is sufficient maltose. Each a complex three genes encoding permease, maltase transcription activator. This family maps telomere-linked positions on different chromosomes most natural contain more than locus. A number naturally occurring, mutant alleles...

We describe the isolation of a 22.6-kilobase fragment DNA containing MAL1 locus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results demonstrate that locus, like MAL6 is complex three genes. These genes were organized similarly to their counterparts. refer them as MAL11, MAL12, and MAL13 show they are functionally homologous MAL61 (encoding maltose permease), MAL62 maltase), MAL63 positive regulator) locus. Transcription from each was analyzed in strain carrying undisrupted strains single disruptions The...

The addition of glucose to maltose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells causes a rapid and irreversible loss the ability transport maltose, resulting both from repression transcription maltose permease gene inactivation permease. latter is referred as glucose-induced or catabolite inactivation. We describe an analysis this process in strain expressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged allele MAL61, encoding transfer maltose-induced Mal61/HA protein rich medium containing produces decrease rates...

We have investigated the transport of maltose in a genetically defined maltose-fermenting strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying MAL1 locus. Two kinetically different systems were identified: high-affinity transporter with Km 4 mM and low-affinity 70 to 80 mM. The is inducible encoded by MAL11 (and/or MAL61) gene MAL6) expressed constitutively not related and/or MAL61. Both transporters are subject glucose-induced inactivation.

Abstract The MAL61 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes maltose permease, a protein required for the transport across plasma membrane. Here we report nucleotide sequence cloned gene. A single 1842 bp open reading frame is present within this region encoding 614 residue putative protein. Hydropathy analysis suggests that secondary structure consists two blocks six transmembrane domains separated by an approximately 71 intracellular region. N-terminal and C-terminal 100 67 residues in...

This report concludes our analysis of the various standard maltose-fermenting strains Saccharomyces spp. We showed that, in addition to either MAL2 or MAL4 functional locus present and strains, both contain two cryptic MALg genes mapping MAL1 MAL3 positions. (Functional MAL loci appear consist linked complementing gene functions, MALp MALg. Cryptic lack a gene.) Using probe containing DNA fragment derived from MAL6 locus, we detected three genomic HindIII fragments strains. Each these is...

Different levels of β-galactosidase are found in various trp-lac fusion strains. These fall within a 60-fold range. The amount thiogalactoside transacetylase activity detected these same strains only varies 10-fold and is amounts greater than those predicted from the levels. observation that not directly proportional, lacZ messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) proportional to activity, that, at least for one strain tested, SuA polarity suppressor does affect level, all but strain, appears reside...

Maltose permease is required for maltose transport into Saccharomyces cells. Glucose addition to maltose-fermenting cells causes selective delivery of this integral plasma membrane protein the yeast vacuole via endocytosis degradation by resident proteases. This glucose-induced independent proteasome but requires ubiquitin and certain conjugating enzymes. We used mutation analysis identify target sequences in Mal61/HA involved its degradation. A nonsense was introduced at codon 581, creating...

Abstract In order for a yeast strain to ferment maltose it must contain any one of the five dominant MAL loci. Each locus thus far analyzed contains three genes: GENE 1, encoding permease, 2 maltase and 3 positive trans-acting regulatory protein. addition these loci, several naturally occurring, partially functional alleles MAL1 MAL3 have been identified. Here, we present genetic molecular analysis MAL1: MAL1p allele which can express only activator; g both permease maltase; mal1(0) maltase....

Saccharomyces yeast strains able to ferment maltose carry at least one member of a family MAL loci: MAL1, MAL2, MAL3, MAL4, and MAL6. The MAL6 locus has been cloned shown be cluster three transcribed regions, all which are required for fermentation. Transcription two these genes, MAL61 MAL62, is both induced by repressed glucose. third gene, MAL63, appears encode regulatory product controlling In this report, we demonstrate that the MAL62 gene structural coding enzyme maltase. Strain 332-5A...

Maltose fermentation in Saccharomyces spp. requires the presence of any one five unlinked genes: MAL1, MAL2, MAL3, MAL4 , or MAL6. Although genes are functionally equivalent, their natures and relationships to each other not known. At least three proteins necessary for maltose fermentation: maltase, permease, a regulatory protein. The MAL may code more these proteins. Recently DNA fragment containing maltase structural gene has been cloned from MAL6 strain, CB11, produce plasmid pMAL9-26. We...

Glucose is a global metabolic regulator in Saccharomyces. It controls the expression of many genes involved carbohydrate utilization at level transcription, and it induces inactivation several enzymes by posttranslational mechanism. SNF3, RGT2, GRR1 RGT1 are known to be glucose regulation transcription. We tested roles these glucose-induced maltose permease. Our results suggest that least two signaling pathways used monitor levels. One pathway requires sensor transcript second independent...

Abstract Saccharomyces strains capable of fermenting maltose contain any one five telomere‐associated MAL loci. Each locus is a complex three genes encoding the functions required to ferment maltos: permease (GENE 1), maltase 2) and trans ‐activator 3). All loci have been cloned all are highly sequence homologous over least 9‐0 kbp region containing these GENEs (Charron et al. , Genetics 122 307–331, 1989). Our initial studies strians carrying MAL3 indicated presence linked, repeated MLA...

The Saccharomyces casein kinase 1 isoforms encoded by the essential gene pair YCK1 and YCK2 control cell growth morphogenesis are linked to endocytosis of several membrane proteins. Here we define roles for Yck1,2 kinases in Mal61p maltose permease activation trafficking, using a yck1delta yck2-2(ts) (yck(ts)) strain with conditional Yck activity. Moreover, provide evidence that Glc7-Reg1 phosphatase acts as an upstream activator novel signaling pathway modulates activity response carbon...

We describe the characterization of a mutation locus GLR1. This allowed for (i) glucose repression-insensitive synthesis ot enzymes maltase, galactokinase, alpha-galactosidase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome oxidase (ii) growth on maltose in presence gratuitous repressor D-glucosamine. The glucosamine resistance cosegregated with glucose-insensitive listed above. In addition, crosses between glucosamine-resistant mutant isogenic sensitive...