A two-pronged approach, review and measurement, has been adopted to characterize the conductivity of tissues at frequencies below 1 MHz. The covers data published in last decade earlier not included recent reviews. measurements were carried out on pig tissue, vivo, body fluids vitro. Conductivity have obtained for skeletal myocardial muscle, liver, skull, fat, lung (blood, bile, CSF urine). critical analysis highlights their usefulness limitations enables suggestions be made measuring...

Abstract The complex permittivity of aqueous solutions at 20 °C has been measured concentrations between 0.001 and 5 mol/L over a frequency range 0.13–20 GHz. results were combined with literature values to derive empirical equations predict the dielectric behavior sodium chloride 0 5°C–35 °C. Bioelectromagnetics 28:264–274, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The dielectric properties of ten rat tissues at six different ages were measured 37 °C in the frequency range 130 MHz to 10 GHz using an open-ended coaxial probe and a computer controlled network analyser. results show general decrease with age. trend is more apparent for brain, skull skin less noticeable abdominal tissues. variation age due changes water content organic composition percentage certain 30 70 day old rats cellular phone frequencies have been tabulated. These data provide...

The advantages and limitations of using partial differential analysis to assess the methodological uncertainty associated with measurement dielectric properties a material are discussed an alternative pragmatic approach is proposed. It relies on repeat measurements reference liquids estimate random systematic uncertainties. Examples provided for well-defined monomolecular materials less homogeneous at microwave frequencies. All examples relate open-ended coaxial probe but methodology not...

In vitro dielectric properties of ageing porcine tissues were measured in the frequency range 50 MHz–20 GHz, and total combined uncertainties measurements assessed. The results show statistically significant reduction with age both permittivity conductivity 10 out 15 tissues. At microwave frequencies, observed variations are mainly due to water content as an animal ages. obtained then used calculate SAR values children 3 7 years when they exposed RF induced by walkie–talkie devices. No...

Dielectric properties of freshly excised human liver tissues (in vitro) with several pathological conditions including cancer were obtained in frequency range 100 MHz–5 GHz. Differences dielectric behavior normal and at microwave frequencies are discussed based on histological information for each tissue. Data presented useful many medical applications, particular nanosecond pulsed electroporation techniques. Knowledge is vital mathematical calculations local electric field distribution...

The dielectric properties of pig cerebrospinal tissues were measured in vivo and vitro, the frequency range 50 MHz–20 GHz. total combined measurement uncertainty was calculated at each point is reported over representative regions. Comparisons made for tissue between two sets data with literature past decade. vitro study extended to include from pigs weighing approximately 10, 250 kg re-visit question variation age. White matter spinal chord showed significant as function animal age, no...

Despite the significant number of studies published on measurements complex permittivity biological tissues in last thirty years, implementing a successful measurement program for dielectric can still present challenge researchers. Most problems are not theoretical but methodological or practical nature. In this article, lessons learned from experiences with goal-oriented presented by structuring them into guidelines efficient and useful properties tissues, aimed at addressing gaps...

We have applied the Cole-Cole expression to dielectric properties of tissues in frequency range 0.4-10 GHz. The data underpinning model relate pig tissue as a function age. Altogether, we provide parameters for 14 types at three developmental stages.

Laboratory measurements have been carried out with examples of Wi-Fi devices used in UK schools to evaluate the radiofrequency power densities around them and total emitted powers. Unlike previous studies, a 20 MHz bandwidth signal analyzer was used, enabling whole be captured monitored. The radiation patterns laptops had certain similarities, including minimum toward torso user two maxima symmetrically opposed across vertical plane bisecting screen keyboard. would resulted from separate...

Dielectric properties of porcine glandular tissues and gonads (in vivo) body fluids vitro) have been obtained in the frequency range 50 MHz to 20 GHz. The experimental data were fitted a two term Cole-Cole expression. presented complement available dielectric literature can be used numerical simulations exposure people electromagnetic fields.

The dielectric properties of freshly delivered human placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid have been acquired at 37 °C in the frequency range 200 MHz–10 GHz. experimental data were fitted to a Cole–Cole expression. results show that are significantly higher than placenta due presence high water content Wharton's jelly. also demonstrate large differences cerebrospinal fluids. presented can be used numerical simulations exposure pregnant women electromagnetic fields.

The dielectric properties of rat embryos/foetuses have been acquired at several stages gestation 37 °C and in the frequency range 40 MHz–20 GHz. Measurements were carried out on homogenized tissues, as trial experiments did not show any systematic difference between data intact tissues microwave frequencies. results showed that foetus are generally higher than adult muscle brain. measured also some decline for both permittivity conductivity grew from 18 to 20 days old; however, these changes...

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) fields can affect intracellular calcium signalling in excitable cells.Materials and methods: Intracellular concentration ([Ca2 + ]i) was measured cultured rat cerebellar granule cells cardiac myocytes during exposure TETRA (380.8875 MHz pulse modulated at 17.6 Hz, 25% duty cycle). [Ca2 ]i as fura-PE3, fluo-3 or fluo-4 fluorescence by digital image analysis.Results: Granule exposed specific absorption rates...

Human body exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from smart meters was assessed using various configurations. Specific energy absorption rate distributions were determined three anatomically realistic human models. Each model assigned with age‐ and frequency‐dependent dielectric properties representing a collection of age groups. Generalized conditions involving standing sleeping postures for home area network operating at 868 2,450 MHz. The meter antenna fed 1 W power...

Laboratory measurements of electric fields have been carried out around examples smart meter devices used in Great Britain. The aim was to quantify exposure people radiofrequency signals emitted from operating at 2.4 GHz, and then compare this with international (ICNIRP) health‐related guidelines exposures other telecommunication sources such as mobile phones Wi‐Fi devices. angular distribution the a sample 39 measured controlled laboratory environment. direction where power density greatest...

Data for the mammary fat of 50 kg pigs were incorrectly presented in table 2. The corrected data are shown attached PDF. All other values unchanged.

In the above paper one of parameters (σ) in table 6 was miscalculated by a factor 2π. The corrected is presented PDF file below.

Two formulations for tissue equivalent liquids are presented and characterised in terms of dielectric properties the frequency range 30–300 MHz. The purpose is to provide viable options consideration by standardisation bodies dealing with assessment exposure electromagnetic sources that range.

Numerical dosimetry studies require the development of accurate numerical 3D models human body. This paper proposes a novel method for building heterogeneous young children combining results obtained from semi-automatic multi-organ segmentation algorithm and an anatomy deformation method. The data consist magnetic resonance images, which are first segmented to obtain set initial tissues. A procedure guided by is then developed in order five ranging age 5 37 months. By constraining older...

Data on the dielectric properties of tissues are relevant to all fields study where electromagnetic interact with human body. This presentation aims explain structural and compositional factors that affect biological tissues, in particular process ageing.