Enhanced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) production and circulation has been linked to the metabolic adaptation starvation. Here, we demonstrated that hepatic FGF21 expression is induced by dietary protein restriction, but not energy restriction. Circulating was increased 10-fold in mice rats fed a low-protein (LP) diet. In these animals, liver Fgf21 within 24 hours of reduced intake. humans, circulating levels dramatically following 28 days on LP LP-induced increases were associated...

Dietary methionine restriction (MR) is a mimetic of chronic dietary (DR) in the sense that MR increases rodent longevity, but without food restriction. We report here also persistently total energy expenditure (EE) and limits fat deposition despite increasing weight-specific consumption. In Fischer 344 (F344) rats consuming control or diets for 3, 9, 20 mo, mean EE was 1.5-fold higher vs. rats, primarily due to during night at all ages. The day-to-night transition produced twofold heat...

Background and Purpose Sodium butyrate ( NaB ), an epigenetic modifier, is effective in promoting insulin sensitivity. The specific genomic loci mechanisms underlying epigenetically induced obesity resistance the targets of are not fully understood. Experimental Approach anti‐diabetic anti‐obesity effects treatment were measured by comparing phenotypes physiologies C57BL/6J mice fed a low‐fat diet LF high‐fat HF ) or plus + for 10 weeks. We determined possible mechanism action through...

Dietary methionine restriction (MR) limits fat deposition and decreases plasma leptin, while increasing food consumption, total energy expenditure (EE), adiponectin, expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown white adipose tissue (BAT WAT). beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) serve as conduits for sympathetic input to tissue, but their role mediating the effects MR on homeostasis is unclear. Energy intake, weight, adiposity were modestly higher beta(3)-AR(-/-) mice Control diet...

Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue may contribute to depot-specific expansion, leading obesity and insulin resistance. Dietary supplementation with quercetin or botanical extracts containing attenuates high fat diet (HFD)-induced resistance decreases inflammation. Here, we determined the effects of red onion extract (ROE) on subcutaneous (inguinal, IWAT) vs. visceral (epididymal, EWAT) white morphology mice fed low fat, plus 50 μg/day ROE equivalents for 9 weeks. Quercetin similarly...

Aims/Hypothesis High fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) is partially characterized by reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) expression. Our previous study showed that a high dose of the bioflavonoid quercetin exacerbated HFD-induced IR; yet, others have demonstrated improves sensitivity. The aim this was to investigate whether differing doses act in time-dependent manner attenuate IR...

Low vitamin D, commonly assessed as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), is associated with the development of many age-related chronic diseases. A positive relationship exists between elevated 25OHD and muscle synthesis, strength, power, decreased body fat in elderly individuals. However, these findings have not been consistently reported younger healthy populations. The purpose this study was to investigate measures size, composition, metabolism, physical fitness a young physically active...

Intracerebroventricular injections of leucine are sufficient to suppress food intake, but it remains unclear whether brain signaling represents a physiological signal protein balance. We tested variations in dietary and circulating levels leucine, or all three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), contribute the detection reduced protein. Of essential (EAAs) tested, only intracerebroventricular injection (10 μg) was intake. Isocaloric low- (9% energy; LP) normal- (18% energy) diets induced...

Endurance exercise has been shown to improve lipid oxidation and increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle, two features that have dependence on increased expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). It is also hypothesized exercise-related alterations PGC1α occur through epigenetic regulation nucleosome positioning association with differential DNA methylation status within promoter. In this study, we show when primary human myotubes from...

Mouse lines with targeted disruption of the cocaine amphetamine-related transcript (CART), melanocortin receptor 3 (MCR3), or 4 (MCR4) were used to assess role each component in mediating anorectic and metabolic effects leptin, regulating partitioning nutrient energy between fat protein deposition. Leptin was administered over a day period using either intraperitoneal intracerebroventricular routes injection. The absence MCR4 blocked leptin's ability increase UCP1 mRNA both brown white...

NF-κB induces transcriptional expression of proinflammatory genes and antiapoptotic genes. The two activities remain to be characterized in the mechanism chronic inflammation obesity. To address this issue, we inactivated adipose tissue by knocking out p65 (RelA) mice (F-p65-KO) examined lean obese conditions. In condition, KO exhibited a reduced with decrease macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, cytokine expression. had elevated more enhanced inflammation, adipocytes macrophages an...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether resistance exercise training-induced reductions in inflammation are mediated via melanocortin 3 receptor expression obese (BMI ) women ( yrs) randomized either a control () or training group (). trained performed days/week for 12 weeks. Resting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention both groups. Resistance upregulated mRNA by 16-fold decreased monocyte count, without changing leukocyte number, body composition,...

We have reported that the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induces chronic inflammation in adipose tissue of p65 transgenic (Tg) mice, which NF-κB subunit (RelA) is overexpressed from adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) gene promoter. Tg mice suffer a mild lipodystrophy and exhibit deficiency differentiation. To understand molecular mechanism defect adipocytes, we investigated glyceroneogenesis by examining activity cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) adipocytes. In aP2-p65 Pepck expression...

Impairment of adipogenesis contributes to the development obesity-related insulin resistance. The current in vitro approaches for its assessment represent crude estimates adipogenic potential because disruption vivo microenvironment. A novel using incorporation stable isotope deuterium (2H) into DNA isolated adipocytes and stroma-vascular fraction from adipose tissue has been developed. In study, we have refined this technique by purifying via a negative immune selection sorting plastic...

Pgc-1α and its various isoforms may play a role in determining skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations response to diet. 8 wks of dietary supplementation with the flavonoid quercetin (Q) or red onion extract (ROE) high fat diet (HFD) ameliorates HFD-induced obesity insulin resistance C57BL/J mice while upregulating increasing number function. Here, were fed low (LF), (HF), plus (HF + Q), RO) for 9 isoform expression DNA methylation determined. Quantification isoforms, including Pgc-1α-a,...

The β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling pathway is a major component of adaptive thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue during cold acclimation. β3-AR highly induces the expression transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α its splice variant N-terminal (NT)-PGC-1α, which turn activate transcription program by co-activating number factors. We previously reported that NT-PGC-1α able to increase mitochondrial activity cultured adipocytes promoting thermogenic genes. In present study, we...

Rietschier, HL, Henagan, TM, Earnest, CP, Baker, BL, Cortez, CC, and Stewart, LK. Sun-dried raisins are a cost-effective alternative to sports jelly beans in prolonged cycling. J Strength Cond Res 25(11): 3150–3156, 2011—The purpose of this study was examine the effects natural carbohydrate (CHO) source form sun-dried (SDRs) vs. Sports Jelly Beans™ (SJBs) on endurance performance trained cyclists triathletes. Ten healthy men (18–33 years) completed 1 water-only acclimatization exercise trial...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether endurance (E) or + resistance (ER) training affects C-reactive protein (CRP) and if these changes are related alterations in fitness (or) body composition young females. Thirty-eight females (aged 18-24 years) were assigned 1 3 groups: (1) E, (2) ER (3) active control (AC). E groups completed 15 weeks marathon training. group performed additional the AC maintained their usual exercise routine. Primary outcomes measured pre- post-training...