Background Gambian sleeping sickness or HAT (human African trypanosomiasis) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted riverine species of tsetse. A global programme aims to eliminate the as public health problem 2020 and stop transmission 2030. In South Chad, Mandoul area persistent focus where around 100 cases were still diagnosed treated annually until 2013. Pre-2014, control relied solely on case detection treatment, which lead gradual decrease in...

Background Control of gambiense sleeping sickness, a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination by 2020, relies mainly on mass screening populations at risk and treatment cases. This strategy is however challenged the existence undetected reservoirs parasites that contribute to maintenance transmission. In this study, performed in Boffa focus Guinea, we evaluated value adding vector control medical surveys measured its impact burden. Methods The was divided into two parts (screen...

Profiling of wild and laboratory tsetse populations using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing allowed us to examine whether the "Wigglesworthia-Sodalis-Wolbachia dogma" operates across species populations. The most abundant taxa, in populations, were Wigglesworthia (the primary endosymbiont), Sodalis Wolbachia as previously characterized. richness microbiota was greater than Spiroplasma identified a new symbiont exclusively Glossina fuscipes G. tachinoides, members palpalis sub-group,...

Sleeping sickness, or Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is caused by two distinct parasites. In East and Southern Africa, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes the Rhodesian form of disease (about 2% all reported cases [1]). Central West T. b. gambiense Gambian (G-HAT—about 98% The normally affects remote rural communities. people most at risk are those working outdoors for long periods, as they exposed to bite tsetse fly (Glossina spp.: Diptera), which transmits comparable diseases occur...

Field studies were done of the responses Glossina palpalis in Côte d'Ivoire, and G. p. gambiensis tachinoides Burkina Faso, to odours from humans, cattle pigs. Responses measured either by baiting (1.) biconical traps or (2.) electrocuting black targets with natural host odours. The catch was significantly enhanced (∼5×) odour but not humans. In contrast, catches electric showed inconsistent results. For both human increased (>2×) trap targets. palpalis, pigs humans numbers tsetse attracted...

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in West Africa is a lethal, neglected disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted the tsetse Glossina palpalis gambiensis. Although littoral part of Guinea with its typical mangrove habitat most prevalent area Africa, very few data are available on epidemiology such biotopes. As HAT elimination project Guinea, we carried cross-sectional study distribution and abundance people, livestock, trypanosomes focus Boffa. An exhaustive census human...

Here we describe field trials designed to standardize tools for the control of Glossina tachinoides, G. palpalis gambiensis and G.morsitans submorsitans in West Africa based on existing trap/target/bait technology. Blue black biconical monoconical traps 1 m2 targets were made either phthalogen blue cotton, cotton/polyester or turquoise polyester/viscose (all with a peak reflectance between 450–480 nm) polyester. Because covered adhesive film, they proved be significantly better trapping...

Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause human and African animal trypanosomosis, a debilitating disease of humans (sleeping sickness) livestock (nagana). An area-wide integrated pest management campaign against Glossina palpalis gambiensis has been implemented in Senegal since 2010 includes sterile insect technique (SIT) component. The SIT can only be successful when the males are destined for release have flight ability, survival competitiveness as close possible to their wild male...

The application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) requires mass-production males good biological quality. size project area will in most cases determine whether it is more cost effective to produce flies locally (and invest a mass-rearing facility) or import from facility that located another country. This study aimed at assessing effect long distance transport male Glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae on adult fly yield. were produced Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur...

Abstract Background Domesticated animals play a role in maintaining residual transmission of Plasmodium parasites humans, by offering alternative blood meal sources for malaria vectors to survive on. However, the treated with veterinary formulations anti-helminthic drug ivermectin can have an insecticidal effect on adult vector mosquitoes. This study therefore assessed effects treating cattle long-acting injectable survival important species, determine whether it has potential as...

The northern distribution limit of tsetse flies was updated in Burkina Faso and compared to previous limits revise the existing map these vectors African trypanosomiases dating from several decades ago. From 1949 2009, a 25- 150-km shift has appeared toward south. Tsetse are now discontinuously distributed with western an eastern belt. This range can be explained by combination decreased rainfall increased human density. Within context international control, this study provides better...

Male and female tsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood. While doing so they can transmit the diseases of sleeping sickness in humans nagana domestic stock. Knowledge host-orientated behavior is important designing bait methods sampling controlling flies, understanding epidemiology diseases. For this we must explain several puzzling distinctions different sexes species tsetse. example, why it that occupying savannahs, unlike those riverine habitats, appear strongly responsive to...

Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human and animal trypanosomosis. In Burkina Faso, a project aiming to create zones free tsetse trypanosomosis was executed from June 2006 December 2013. After determination distribution in intervention area 2007 November 2008, control campaign launched 2009 ended The goal eliminate 40,000 km2 area, through an integrated including insecticide targets, traps cattle, sequential aerial treatment (SAT) mass livestock using trypanocides. involved assistance...

Background Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted tsetse flies ( Glossina ). In Côte d’Ivoire, Bonon the most important focus of gHAT, with 325 cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2015 and efforts against gHAT have relied largely on mass screening treatment cases. We assessed whether addition control deploying Tiny Targets offers benefit sole reliance screen-and-treat strategy. Methodology principal findings...

In order to identify pathogenic trypanosomes responsible for African trypanosomiasis, and better understand tsetse-trypanosome relationships, surveys were undertaken in three sites located different eco-climatic areas Côte d'Ivoire during the dry rainy seasons. Tsetse flies caught five consecutive days using biconical traps, dissected microscopically examined looking trypanosome infection. Samples from infected tested by PCR specific primers Trypanosoma brucei s.l., T. congolense savannah...

Entomological and phyto-sociological surveys were undertaken in Folonzo, southern Burkina Faso, along the Comoé river. The purpose of this survey was to compare densities diversity tsetse species a protected versus non area, by mean transects going from river bank savannah. A detailed phytological description made all trapping sites. entomological data also compared what obtained 1980 same phytogeographical study showed great vegetation homogeneity between transects, particularly forest...

Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are the vectors of trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans, and nagana (animal trypanosomosis) domestic animals, Subsaharan Africa. They have been described as being strictly hematophagous, transmission occurs when they feed on a human or an animal. There indications however old papers that tsetse may ability to digest sugar. Here we show hungry (Glossina palpalis gambiensis) lab do water with sugar no blood is available, also wild detectable...

In Subsaharan Africa, tsetse flies (genus Glossina) are vectors of trypanosomes causing Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). Some foci HAT persist in Southern Chad, where a program control was started against the local vector Glossina fuscipes Mandoul focus 2014, Maro 2018. Flies were also sampled 2018 Timbéri Dokoutou. We analyzed population genetics G. from four tsetse-infested zones. The trapping samples characterized by strong female biased sex-ratio,...

The sterile insect technique (SIT) aims at suppressing or decreasing pest populations by introducing insects into wild populations. SIT requires the mass-production of and their sterilization through, for example, radiation. However, both mass-rearing radiation can affect life history traits making them less competitive than counterparts. In malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis, some progress has been made to improve mating competitiveness mass-reared irradiated males. date, no study...

Abstract In addition to the thousands of deaths due unprecedented ebola outbreak that stroke West Africa (2014-2016), national health systems in affected countries were deeply challenged impacting a number diseases control programs. Here we describe case Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), deadly neglected tropical disease trypanosome transmitted by tsetse flies for which no vaccine nor chemoprophylaxis exists. Data are presented focus Boffa Guinea where pilot elimination project combining...

Abstract The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment friendly and sustainable method to manage pests of economic importance through successive releases irradiated males the targeted species a defined area. A mating male with virgin wild female will result in no offspring, ultimately lead suppression or eradication population. Tsetse flies, vectors African Trypanosoma, have highly regulated microbial fauna composed three bacterial symbionts that may role play establishment...

The Government of Senegal has embarked several years ago on a project that aims to eradicate Glossina palpalis gambiensis from the Niayes area. removal animal trypanosomosis would allow development more efficient livestock production systems. was implemented using an area-wide integrated pest management strategy including sterile insect technique (SIT) component. released male flies originated colony Burkina Faso. Monitoring efficacy releases requires discrimination between wild and G. p....

Background Work to control the gambiense form of human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT), or sleeping sickness, is now directed towards ending transmission parasite by 2030. In order supplement gHAT case-finding and treatment, since 2011 tsetse has been implemented using Tiny Targets in a number foci. As this intervention extended new foci, it vital understand costs involved. Costs have already analysed for foci Arua Uganda Mandoul Chad. This paper examines controlling Glossina palpalis focus...

Tsetse flies (genus Glossina) transmit deadly trypanosomes to human populations and domestic animals in sub-Saharan Africa. Some foci of Human African Trypanosomiasis due Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (g-HAT) persist southern Chad, where a program tsetse control was implemented against the local vector Glossina fuscipes 2018 Maro. We analyzed population genetics G. f. from Maro focus before (T0), one year (T1), 18 months (T2) after beginning efforts. Most captured displayed genetic profile...