To examine cultural contrasts in the ordered sequence of conceptual developments leading to theory mind (ToM), we compared 135 3- 6-year-olds (77 Australians; 58 Iranians) on an established 5-step ToM scale (Wellman & Liu, 2004). There was a cross-cultural difference sequencing steps but not overall rates mastery. In line with our predictions, children from Iran conformed distinctive previously observed only China. contrast case Australia (and United States), knowledge access understood...

This study explored longitudinal associations between early shared reading at 2 to 3 years of age and children's later academic achievement. It examined the mediating role vocabulary skills, moderating effects family's socioeconomic status. Data were drawn from Longitudinal Study Australian Children (n = 4,768). Academic achievement was assessed 8 9 via standardized national test scores literacy mathematics Results indicated that associated with directly indirectly through receptive skills....

The purpose of this study was to describe normative and validation data on the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS; McLeod, Harrison, & McCormack, 2012c) for English-speaking children.The ICS is a 7-item, parent-report measure children's speech intelligibility with range communicative partners. Data were collected from parents 803 Australian children ranging age 4;0 (years;months) 5;5 (37.0% multilingual).The mean score 4.4 (SD = 0.7) out possible total 5. Children's reported be most...

Over the past three decades, considerable research effort has been expended charting how and when children develop an understanding of others’ minds. Multicultural studies allow us to determine what features this important cognitive developmental achievement might be universal aspects are culturally specific. However, body literature in area is slim unsystematic. The current study therefore aimed contrast compare sequence through which Western non-Western a theory mind (ToM). One hundred...

Although a considerable body of research with samples from Western cultures shows that having siblings influences children’s theory mind (ToM) understanding, other does not always support such findings. The current experiment was designed to examine in detail how family and social environment influence ToM competence group Iranian children various socioeconomic backgrounds. participants were 142 preschoolers (4-5 years old) high-SES (socioeconomic status) urban ( n = 33), low-SES 37), rural...

Objective: To examine the trajectory of internalizing problems across middle childhood among a population sample Australian children, and to understand timing explanatory factors related children's development problems, by using multiple-indicator latent growth curve modelling.Method: Participants were parents teachers in Longitudinal Study Children (LSAC) Kindergarten (K) cohort (n = 3,153).Mothers reported on at three time-points (6-7, 8-9 10-11 years).Explanatory mothers two time points...

Abstract Previous research has consistently indicated that theory of mind (ToM) is associated with executive control in the preschool years. However, interpretation this literature limited by fact most studies have focused exclusively on urbanized Western cultural samples. Consequently, it not clear whether association between ToM and reflects specific features particular cohort or instead a universal pattern. The present study provides first empirical assessment these two constructs three...

Developing an understanding of others’ minds (called theory mind) has been a topic considerable research effort. Literature on mind and family influences within Western cultures documented that children’s is related to parental factors such as the number siblings, discussion about emotions inside family, parenting styles. However, in non-Western scarce, despite culture playing important role shaping practices atmosphere. The current study therefore investigated links between mothers’...

For more than three decades, considerable research effort has been expended in documenting children’s development of a theory mind (ToM), or the recognition that behavior is determined by mental states. Studies comparing ToM children from Western and non-Western countries have shown differences patterns various tasks. Specifically, Iranian are slower their Australian counterparts to acknowledge people diverse beliefs, but at same time they relatively advanced understanding how acquire new...

ObjectiveResearch has highlighted the role of gender in expression aggression. While boys display higher levels physical aggression, girls appear to relational It is proposed that aggression may be associated, at least part, with a child's development language skills. The aim present study was investigate expressive and receptive aggression.MethodA sample 106 four six‐year‐old Iranian children completed test ability while their teachers rating scale measuring children's...

Abstract Previous research has shown that the quality of mother-child interactions between pre-term children and their mothers tends to be poorer than full-term (Forcada-Guex, Pierrehumbert, Borghini, Moessinger & Muller-Nix, 2006). Mothers are less responsive more intrusive in with (Forcada-Guex et al., 2006; Ionio, Lista, Mascheroni, Olivari, Confalonieri, Mastrangelo, Brazzoduro, Balestriero, Banfi, Bonanomi, Bova, Castoldi, Colombo, Introvini Scelsa, 2017; Laing, McMahon, Ungerer,...

AbstractBackground: The ability of children to solve problems is an important influence on the social‐cognitive development children. Parents and who use problem‐solving strategies display more positive parent‐child relationships. It follows that parents will be effective in promoting children's healthy relationships if they are skilled encourage their these strategies.Aim: aim present study was evaluate short‐term efficacy a skills program for Iranian (the ‘Raising Thinking Child’ program)...

While there is a theoretical distinction between cool (cognitive) and hot (emotional) executive functions, potential relationships can be identified tasks associated with these two aspects. A decision tree serves as model for training analyzing data, predicting the target variable based on independent variables in hierarchical fashion. In contrast to other predictive methods, this doesn't necessitate statistical expertise makes decisions akin human decision-making through "if" "then" rules,...