Warning systems play a crucial role in the takeover of conditional automated driving. However, widely used single-stage warning had inevitable and critical issues situation awareness (SA), driving stress, performance. As such, two-stage might be an optimal solution to alleviate these problems. On this basis, study investigated effect types (single-stage vs systems) non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) (playing Tetris game monitoring on takeover. A total 32 participants were recruited join our...

According to the assembly task model proposed by Stork and Schubö (2010), is divided into commissioning joining subtasks. Each subtask includes two sequential stages, namely, perception response selection, action. This division enables a convenient discussion of influences Augmented reality (AR) assistance on operators during different stages an task. Research results can provide basis for further analysis influence mechanism AR study composed three experiments. Experiment 1 explores...

Augmented reality head-up display (AR HUD) is a new technology in assisted driving, which can add extra information to the driving environment real-time help driver better perceive road situation. AR HUD enhance safety but may also encourage inattentional blindness. Hence, this study aims examine whether HUD-induces blindness and determine workload intensifies their relationship. In experiment 1, 60 participants were randomly assigned three groups watched types of augmented (AR)-augmented...

Conditional automated driving [level 3, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)] requires drivers to take over the vehicle when an system’s failure occurs or is about leave its operational design domain. Two-stage warning systems, which warn in two steps, can be a promising method guide preparing for takeover. However, proper time intervals two-stage systems that allow with different personalities prepare takeover remain unclear. This study explored optimal insights into drivers’ neuroticism...

Objective An augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) is a promising technology in assisted driving. It provides additional information the driving environment. However, considering registration problem related to limitations of interactive technology, we suspect that an AR-HUD may not be able recognize unpredictable stimuli timely manner, inducing inattentional blindness these non-augmented stimuli. Actually, accidentally have brief superimposition AR graphics. This condition also...

With the development of augmented reality (AR) technology, AR navigation tools have gradually received increasing attention. Few previous studies comprehensively discussed advantages and disadvantages 2D maps from a spatial cognition perspective. Through three experiments, this article investigated effects different display methods on wayfinding performance knowledge acquisition. First, we compared participants' performances in using map aids for tasks. Second, developed combined usability...

Objective In conditional automated driving (SAE Level 3), drivers are required to take over their vehicles when the systems fail. Non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) can positively or negatively affect takeover safety, but underlying reasons for this inconsistency remain unclear. This study aims investigate how various workload levels generated by NDRTs may influence performance of and lead time they require.Method Fifty were randomly distributed into five groups, which corresponded (1-4...

Augmented Reality Head-Up Display (AR-HUD) is a promising solution to the current warning system distraction problem. However, how effectively convey warnings through AR graphics still unclear. This study examines effectiveness of contact-analog graphic compared bounding box in various collision types and traffic densities. Forty-eight participants watched AR-augmented driving videos were instructed respond critical events. Reaction time, response rate, subjective evaluations for rear-end...

Informative warnings can improve takeover performance in automated vehicles, but improper or excessive information may hinder it. This study investigates the optimal amount of urgent and non-urgent autonomous transitions. Forty-five drivers were randomly assigned to groups receiving different amounts selected warning elements. Each group completed simulated tasks four scenarios with urgency. Takeover performance, situation awareness, stress levels measured. The results indicate that,...

This study aims to investigate the usability of a head-up display (HUD) in presenting warning messages during driving and create new effective vehicle early system for drivers. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 36 drivers randomly assigned group using HUD control group. The simulated performance two groups was compared determine if graphic facilitates safety. Results revealed that HUD-using demonstrated better than terms collision, mean deceleration, accelerator release...

Abstract Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive intervention, can significantly reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms cognitive impairment in AD patients. Only few cases have been reported the adverse reactions after treatment. This report described different repetitive with parameters. Patient presentation article reports patient dementia complicated mental behavior disorder who was treated (rTMS) spite of poor drug response. First, 1 Hz rTMS...

Difficulties with second-language vowel perception may be related to the significant challenges in using acoustic-phonetic cues. This study investigated effects of training duration-equalized vowels on native Chinese listeners’ English and their use Seventeen listeners were perceptually trained vowels, another 17 watched videos as a control group. Both groups tested identification formant discrimination before training, immediately after three months later. The results showed that effect was...

With the development of cutting-edge technology in area driving performance, driver warning systems based on head up displays (HUD) are considered to have potential improve safety future. The location HUD graphics is a vital component ensure that drivers obtain information first time and avoid cognitive tunneling when coming across hazards; however, few studies critically examined this. present study investigated advantages presenting comparison with traditional down display (HDD) vehicles,...

Research on the acquisition of spatial knowledge not only enriches our understanding theory representation but also creates practical value for application knowledge. The aim this study is to understand impact different learning methods knowledge, including role 2D maps, difference between physical interaction and virtual interaction, whether passive can replace active in environments. One experiment was conducted, which landmark configurational were measured. Results indicate that maps play...

Auditory warnings have been shown to interfere with verbal working memory. However, the impact of different types auditory on memory tasks must be further researched. This study investigated how kinds interfered and spatial Experiment 1 tested potential interference 2 Both experiments used a 3 × mixed design: warning type (auditory icons, earcons, or spearcons) was between groups, task condition (no-warning, identify-warning, ignore-warning) within groups. In 1, earcons spearcons but not...

The fatigue state of nuclear power operators is vital importance to the safe operation a plant. With development digital manipulation interface in recent years, type and degree have undergone changes. monitoring task simulated this experiment, multiple detection modes are used measure operators. Results show that subjective reporting method PERCLOS P80 can reflect change state. correlation between performance not remarkable, sensitivity electrocardiographic heart rate variability indicator...