Warning systems play a crucial role in the takeover of conditional automated driving. However, widely used single-stage warning had inevitable and critical issues situation awareness (SA), driving stress, performance. As such, two-stage might be an optimal solution to alleviate these problems. On this basis, study investigated effect types (single-stage vs systems) non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) (playing Tetris game monitoring on takeover. A total 32 participants were recruited join our...

According to the assembly task model proposed by Stork and Schubö (2010), is divided into commissioning joining subtasks. Each subtask includes two sequential stages, namely, perception response selection, action. This division enables a convenient discussion of influences Augmented reality (AR) assistance on operators during different stages an task. Research results can provide basis for further analysis influence mechanism AR study composed three experiments. Experiment 1 explores...

Augmented reality head-up display (AR HUD) is a new technology in assisted driving, which can add extra information to the driving environment real-time help driver better perceive road situation. AR HUD enhance safety but may also encourage inattentional blindness. Hence, this study aims examine whether HUD-induces blindness and determine workload intensifies their relationship. In experiment 1, 60 participants were randomly assigned three groups watched types of augmented (AR)-augmented...

Conditional automated driving [level 3, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)] requires drivers to take over the vehicle when an system’s failure occurs or is about leave its operational design domain. Two-stage warning systems, which warn in two steps, can be a promising method guide preparing for takeover. However, proper time intervals two-stage systems that allow with different personalities prepare takeover remain unclear. This study explored optimal insights into drivers’ neuroticism...

Objective An augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) is a promising technology in assisted driving. It provides additional information the driving environment. However, considering registration problem related to limitations of interactive technology, we suspect that an AR-HUD may not be able recognize unpredictable stimuli timely manner, inducing inattentional blindness these non-augmented stimuli. Actually, accidentally have brief superimposition AR graphics. This condition also...

Objective In conditional automated driving (SAE Level 3), drivers are required to take over their vehicles when the systems fail. Non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) can positively or negatively affect takeover safety, but underlying reasons for this inconsistency remain unclear. This study aims investigate how various workload levels generated by NDRTs may influence performance of and lead time they require.Method Fifty were randomly distributed into five groups, which corresponded (1-4...

Augmented Reality Head-Up Display (AR-HUD) is a promising solution to the current warning system distraction problem. However, how effectively convey warnings through AR graphics still unclear. This study examines effectiveness of contact-analog graphic compared bounding box in various collision types and traffic densities. Forty-eight participants watched AR-augmented driving videos were instructed respond critical events. Reaction time, response rate, subjective evaluations for rear-end...

Informative warnings can improve takeover performance in automated vehicles, but improper or excessive information may hinder it. This study investigates the optimal amount of urgent and non-urgent autonomous transitions. Forty-five drivers were randomly assigned to groups receiving different amounts selected warning elements. Each group completed simulated tasks four scenarios with urgency. Takeover performance, situation awareness, stress levels measured. The results indicate that,...

Objectives: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative condition associated with abnormal 4-repeat (4R) tau protein folding and aggregation in the brain, reported prevalence of 3-6 / 100,0001. Clinically, it characterized by axial rigidity, oculomotor abnormalities, cognitive impairment prominent postural instability early falls, ultimately fatal2. Currently, treatment symptomatic, there are no approved disease-modulating therapies3. The challenges PSP drug...

Objective The present study aimed to explore the effects of various tactile takeover requests (TORs) (i.e., sliding TOR and traditional vibration TOR) on performance in an automated driving system.

With the development of cutting-edge technology in area driving performance, driver warning systems based on head up displays (HUD) are considered to have potential improve safety future. The location HUD graphics is a vital component ensure that drivers obtain information first time and avoid cognitive tunneling when coming across hazards; however, few studies critically examined this. present study investigated advantages presenting comparison with traditional down display (HDD) vehicles,...

Auditory warnings have been shown to interfere with verbal working memory. However, the impact of different types auditory on memory tasks must be further researched. This study investigated how kinds interfered and spatial Experiment 1 tested potential interference 2 Both experiments used a 3 × mixed design: warning type (auditory icons, earcons, or spearcons) was between groups, task condition (no-warning, identify-warning, ignore-warning) within groups. In 1, earcons spearcons but not...

Abstract The way that artificial intelligence technology is being developed causing a progressive evolution in college and university teaching methods systems. This paper presents the design of English mode colleges universities based on technology. Research strategies for reform supported by A weighted inference model was used to an AI expert system, which intelligent assisted learning system neural network constructed using law knowledge forgetting. Based information acquisition, random...

Several studies have determined the positive effect of head-up display (HUD) graphic warning to support collision avoidance. However, visual complexity may overburden driver. Design principles and empirical evidence suggest that animation border designs increase saliency reduce warnings. This study aimed examine effects (within-subject factors: animated/non-animated) with/without border) on drivers’ attention driving performance. Thirty drivers (19 females) experienced five conditions (the...

Due to the prevalence of diabetes, research interests about its everyday consequences such as driving have grown. Previous studies found hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) can seriously endanger safety. However, some recent indirect evidence suggests that diabetics’ performance also be undermined in non-hypoglycemia conditions. By comparing healthy participants with type 2 diabetic patients conditions on their a simulated task, this study sought find an effect. The results showed diabetes...