Relationships among multiple variables over time are of interest in many developmental areas and frequently examined using time-varying predictors multilevel models. Yet an incomplete specification will usually result biased model effects. Specifically, the impact constant, between-person sources variation must be differentiated from time-specific, within-person - that is, persons should modeled as contexts. The current didactic article expands upon previous work to address why how contexts...

Most psychological theories predict associations among processes that transpire within individuals. However, these are often tested by examining relationships at the between-persons (BP) rather than within-persons (WP) level. The authors examined WP and BP between daily stress variability in cognitive performance. Daily performance were assessed on 6 occasions 108 older adults 68 young adults. predicted response times (RTs) a 2-back working memory task both younger That is, RTs slower...

A central goal of daily stress research is to identify resilience and vulnerability factors associated with exposure reactivity stressors. The present study examined how age differences global perceptions relate emotional Sixty-seven younger (M = 20) 116 older 80) adults completed a diary measures positive negative affect on 6 days over 14-day period. Participants also measure perceived stress. Results revealed that reported stressors reduced in old but did not differ between adults. Global...

There is little longitudinal information on aging-related changes in emotional responses to negative events. In the present article, we examined intraindividual change and variability within-person coupling of daily stress affect using data from 2 measurement-burst diary studies. Three main findings emerged. First, average reactivity increased longitudinally, this increase was evident across most adult lifespan. Second, individual differences exhibited long-term temporal stability, but...

This article reports the results of a meta-analysis effects age, education, and estimated year measurement on scores from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Scale-Revised Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Analysis effect sizes for age reported in 141 studies published between 1986 2002 indicated mean standardized difference -2.07. Age accounted 86% variance regression model using submitted as predictors scores. There was no association years education or younger adults older adults.

Retirement counselors, financial service professionals, and retirement intervention specialists routinely emphasize the importance of developing clear goals for future; however, few empirical studies have focused on benefits goal setting. In present study, extent to which clarity planning activities predict savings practices was examined among 100 working adults. Path analysis techniques were used test two competing models, both designed contributions. Findings provide support model in is a...

Evidence suggests a predictive association between emotion and mortality risk. However, no study has examined dynamic aspects of in relation to mortality. This used an index emotional reactivity, defined as changes positive or negative affect response daily stressors, predict 10-year survival. An 8-day diary was conducted 2002 on 181 men aged 58–88. Multilevel models were employed estimate reactivity coefficients, which subsequently entered into Cox proportional hazards model Results...

This article shows age and gender differences in the magnitude day-to-day variability of cortisol awakening response (CAR) using a national sample 1,143 adults who completed second wave National Study Daily Experiences, part Midlife Development United States survey. Participants between ages 33 84 years 8 consecutive nightly interviews provided 4 saliva samples (upon waking, 30 min after before lunch, bed) on interview days. Results revealed substantial CAR as well significant AgexGender...

Tom A. B. Snijders & Roel J. Bosker. Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2012, 354 pp. $45.00 (softcover). In the second edition of Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Modeling...

This study contributes to research on race and family ties by exploring racial differences in the direct effects of support exchanges daily well-being extent which buffers/exacerbates stressor reactivity. African Americans European aged 34 84 years ( N = 1,931) from National Study Daily Experiences reported (i.e., received/support provided), stressors, negative affect during 8 days telephone interviews. On a basis, receiving was not associated with well-being, whereas providing compromised...

Despite widespread interest in variance affect, basic questions remain pertaining to the relative proportions of between-person and within-person variance, contribution days moments, reliability these estimates. We addressed by decomposing negative affect positive across three levels (person, day, moment), calculating using a coordinated analysis seven daily diary, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), diary-EMA hybrid studies (across age = 18-84 years, total Npersons 2,103, Nobservations...

Both subjective distress and cognitive interference have been proposed as mechanisms underlying the negative effects of stress on cognition. Studies aging shown that is associated with lower performance, but none examined interference. One hundred eleven older adults (M-sub(age)=80) completed measures working memory, processing speed, episodic memory well self-report Cognitive was strongly poorer performance all 3 constructs, whereas only modestly memory. The results suggest process related...

Using daily telephone interviews, 82 midlife parents (mean age = 57.4) of children with disabilities 29.9) were compared a closely matched sample unaffected (N 82) to elucidate the experience nonnormative parenting. In addition, salivary cortisol samples obtained examine whether had dysregulated diurnal rhythms and extent which amount time spent was associated divergent patterns expression. We found that similar use likelihood positive events as comparison group, but they elevated levels...

Working memory capacity (WMC) has received attention across many areas of psychology, in part because its relationship with intelligence. The mechanism underlying the is unknown, but nature typical WMC tasks led to two hypothesized mechanisms: secondary-memory processes (e.g., search and retrieval) maintenance information face distraction. In present study, participants (N= 383) completed a battery cognitive assessing processing speed, primary memory, working secondary fluid Secondary was...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which leaders influence follower’s work-life management. Specifically, authors propose that personal (positive affect), social (managerial support for work-family balance), and job (autonomy) resources mediate relationships between transformational leadership conflict (WFC) enrichment. Design/methodology/approach sample included 411 managers 37 hotel properties across USA. Findings relationship TL WFC was mediated by autonomy,...

The experience of chronic loneliness has been associated with poorer physical health and well-being, including declines in cardiovascular higher levels distressed affect. Given the long-term effects on much research focused older age. purpose current study was to obtain a more detailed picture midlife adulthood by incorporating context day's activities. We use modified day reconstruction task examine activities which middle-age adults engaged, amount time they spent alone, emotions...

Retirement is an important transitional process in later life. Despite a large body of research examining the impacts health on retirement, questions still remain regarding association retirement age with survival. We aimed to examine between and mortality among healthy unhealthy retirees investigate whether sociodemographic factors modified this association.On basis Health Study, 2956 participants who were working at baseline (1992) completely retired during follow-up period from 1992 2010...

Repeated assessments in everyday life enables collecting ecologically valid data on dynamic, within-persons processes. These methods have widespread utility and application been extensively used for the study of stressors stress responses. Enhanced conceptual sophistication characterizing intraindividual responses would help advance field. This article provides a pragmatic overview approaches, opportunities, challenges when intensive ambulatory are applied to “real time.” We distinguish...

This paper reviews different methodological approaches taken to examine terminal decline in cognitive function, and presents new findings from the Bronx Aging Study (BAS). Numerous have been assess mortality effects on cognition: comparing survivors decedents level rate of change cognition, identifying individual differences cognition associated with time-to-death. However, few studies actually modeled within-person as a function Using linear mixed models point, intraindividual episodic...

The authors of this study investigated whether fluid cognitive ability predicts exposure and emotional reactivity to daily stressors. A national sample adults from the Midlife in United States National Study Daily Experiences (N = 1,202) who had a mean age 57 years (SD 12; 56% women, 44% men) completed positive negative mood reports as well stressor diary on 8 consecutive evenings via telephone. Participants also telephone-based battery tests measuring ability. Higher levels were associated...