A spiroplasma recovered from allantoic fluids of chick embryos infected with the tick-derived suckling mouse cataract agent was grown in continuous passage on a new artificial culture medium. The cultured organisms induced typical ocular and other disease symptoms susceptible animals, were reisolated involved host tissues. Although spiroplasmas have been previously recognized as plant insect pathogens, this is first shown to multiply at 37 degrees C be pathogenic for vertebrates.

Graphical Abstract figure legend HCN channels play an evolutionarily conserved pacemaker role in renal pelvic smooth muscle (RPSM) of lower and higher order mammals. The function hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) pacemakers remains controversial. Renal trigger contractions that expel waste from the kidney, have been localized to these tissues. To date, however, mechanisms underlying RPSM activity remain elusive. was investigated both (top left) (bottom mammalian models, which exhibit...

The purpose of this study was to examine single cell contractile mechanics skeletal muscle before and after 12 wk progressive resistance training (PRT) in older men ( n = 7; age 74 ± 2 yr weight 75 5 kg). Knee extensor PRT performed 3 days/wk at 80% one-repetition maximum. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis (pre- post-PRT, respectively). For analysis, chemically skinned fibers studied 15°C for peak tension [the maximal isometric force (P o )], unloaded shortening...

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR)‐mediated signalling and some key regulatory proteins translation initiation are altered in skeletal muscle during immediate phase recovery following acute resistance exercise. Rats were operantly conditioned reach an illuminated bar located high on a Plexiglass cage, such that animals completed concentric eccentric contractions involving hindlimb musculature. Gastrocnemius extracted...

A spiroplasma can be isolated and grown continuously in cell-free medium from stunted corn or Drosophila injected with sap expressed diseased corn. The organism is serologically related to, but not identical with, Spiroplasma citri, the causative agent of citrus stubborn disease. Leafhopers cultured organisms induced typical symptoms stunt disease when placed on previously healthy plants.

Insulin action in skeletal muscle is enhanced by regular exercise. Whether insulin signaling human affected habitual exercise not well understood. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activation an important step the insulin-signaling pathway and appears to regulate glucose metabolism via GLUT-4 translocation muscle. To examine effects of on PI3-kinase activation, 2-h hyperinsulinemic (40 mU ⋅ m − 2 min 1 )-euglycemic (5.0 mM) clamps were performed eight healthy exercise-trained [24 ±...

The genus Spiroplasma (helical mollicutes: Bacteria: Firmicutes: Mollicutes: Entomoplasmatales: Spiroplasmataceae) is associated primarily with insects. Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (sensu Weisburg et al. 1989 and Johansson Pettersson 2002 ) a group of mollicutes that includes the type species – Mycoplasmatales, Mycoplasmataceae Mycoplasma. This cluster, solely ruminants, contains five other subspecies. Earlier phylogenetic reconstructions based on partial 16S rDNA sequences limited sample...

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects 12 wk progressive resistance training (PRT) on single muscle fiber myosin heavy chain (MHC; I, I/IIa, I/IIa/IIx, IIa, IIa/IIx, IIx) isoform proportions in young individuals. Young, untrained men (YM; n = 6) and women (YW; (age 22 ± 1 25 2 yr for YW YM, respectively) received pre- post-PRT biopsies from right vastus lateralis MHC distribution by electrophoretic analysis (192 5 183 6 post-fibers/subject analyzed; 4,495 fibers total)....

The purpose of this study was to examine myosin heavy chain (MHC) and light (MLC) isoforms following 12 wk progressive resistance training (PRT). A needle biopsy taken from the vastus lateralis determine fiber-type expression [ATPase (pH 4.54) MHC/MLC] in seven healthy men (age = 74.0 ± 1.8 yr). Subjects were also tested for 1-repetition maximum (1-RM), pre- posttraining. knee extensor protocol consisted three sets at 80% 1-RM 3 days/wk wk. Freeze-dried, single muscle fibers dissected MHC...

The conversion of CO2 into chemical fuels represents an attractive route for greenhouse gas emission reductions and renewable energy storage. Iron nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbon materials (e.g., nanotubes (CNTs)) have proven themselves to be effective catalysts this process. This is due their stability ability support simultaneous reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalysis. Typically, these catalytic iron particles are postdoped onto existing via wet...

Twenty-eight strains of spiroplasma subgroup I-2 isolated from insects and flower surfaces were similar in their serological properties. Strain BC-3T (T = type strain), which was the honeybee, chosen as a representative this cluster characterized according to accepted standards. This strain other entered hemocoel insect hosts after per os acquisition, caused pathology various tissues, reduced adult longevity. Growth SM-1 or M1D medium occurred at 20 37°C, with optimum growth about 32 35°C....

The present study examined the effects of an acute bout treadmill exercise on signalling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR) pathways to regulatory mechanisms involved in mRNA translation mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Briefly, C57BL/6 male mice were run at 26 m min(-1) a for periods 10, 20 or 30 min, then was rapidly removed analysed phosphorylation and/or association protein components mechanisms. Repression global suggested by...

Nine strains of spiroplasma subgroup 1-3, which comprise the etiological agent corn stunt disease, were similar in their serological properties. Strain E275T(T = type strain) was studied by using criteria proposed International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee Taxonomy Mollicutes for descriptions new mollicute species. This strain shown to belong class ultrastructure its limiting membrane, procaryotic organization, colonial morphology, and filtration behavior family...

The role of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) as a metabolic sensor in skeletal muscle has been far better characterized for glucose and fat metabolism than protein metabolism. Therefore, studies presented here were designed to examine effects 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribonucleoside (AICAR)-induced AMPK signaling on effector mechanisms mRNA translation synthesis cultures C(2)C(12) myotubes. findings show that, following AICAR (2 mM) treatment, phosphorylation was increased...

Uncultivable for more than 25 years, the sex-ratio spiroplasma of Drosophila willistoni grew in a tissue culture medium (H-2) containing an embryo-derived lepidopteran cell line (IPLB-TN-R(2)). After adaptation, it cell-free H-2 medium. This success demonstrates usefulness systems cultivation fastidious microorganisms and facilitates study trait Drosophila.

Elevated phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to inhibit skeletal muscle growth in both culture and animal models, but its role differentiation cells is less clear. p21 known have an important differentiation, AMPK's regulating cultures unknown. Therefore, the purpose this study was determine under conditions elevated AMPK phosphorylation. Treating C(2)C(12) myoblast with 1 mM 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-D-ribonucleoside (AICAR) for up 24 h induced...

Treatment of the spirochete-like Sex Ratio Organism with sodium deoxycholate results in release fibrils having a diameter 3.6 nm and period 9 nm.

Background . Accumulation of free fatty acids leads to lipid-toxicity-associated skeletal muscle atrophy. Palmitate treatment reduces myoblast and myotube growth causes apoptosis in vitro It is not known if omega-3 will protect cells against palmitate toxicity. Therefore, we examined the effects docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on growth. Methods Mouse myoblasts (C 2 C 12 ) were differentiated myotubes, then treated with 0 or 0.5 mM palmitic 0.1 DHA. Results Intramyocellular lipid was increased...