One of the functions RNA silencing in plants is antiviral defense. A hallmark spreading silenced state through plant. Little known about nature systemic signal and proteins required for its production, transport, reception plant tissues. Here, we show that RNA-dependent polymerase RDR6 Nicotiana benthamiana involved defense against potato virus X at level exclusion from apical growing point. It has no effect on primary replication cell-to-cell movement does not contribute significantly to...

RNA silencing is a sequence-specific degradation process that follows the recognition of double-stranded RNA. Here, we show virus vectors carrying parts green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene targeted in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis against entire GFP These results indicate there was spreading targeting from initiator region into adjacent 5' 3' regions target gene. Spreading accompanied by methylation corresponding DNA. It also dependent on transcription putative RNA-dependent...

Alkaloid Synthetic Pathway Noscapine, a nonaddictive alkaloid found in the opium poppy, can be used as cough suppressant and tubulin-binding antitumor agent. Winzer et al. (p. 1704 , published online 31 May; see Perspective by DellaPenna O'Connor ) that cluster of 10 genes were key to production noscapine. Poppies homozygous for this gene produced high levels noscapine, heterozygous poppies low those lacking no Silencing individual turn analyzing accumulation intermediate metabolites allowed...

Abstract Arabidopsis thaliana COMATOSE (CTS) encodes an ABC transporter involved in peroxisomal import of substrates for β-oxidation. Various cts alleles and mutants disrupted steps β-oxidation have previously been reported to exhibit a severe block on seed germination. Oxylipin analysis cts, acyl CoA oxidase1 oxidase2 (acx1 acx2), keto thiolase2 dry seeds revealed that they contain elevated levels 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), jasmonic (JA), JA-Ile. transcriptomic showed accumulation...

Steroid hormones are essential for development, and the precise control of their homeostasis is a prerequisite normal growth. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) considered to play an important regulatory role in activity steroids mammals insects. This study provides indication that UGT accepting plant as substrates functions brassinosteroid (BR) homeostasis. The UGT73C5 Arabidopsis thaliana catalyses 23- O -glucosylation BRs brassinolide (BL) castasterone. Transgenic plants overexpressing...

A glucosyltransferase (GT) of Arabidopsis, UGT71B6, recognizing the naturally occurring enantiomer abscisic acid (ABA) in vitro, has been used to disturb ABA homeostasis planta. Transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing UGT71B6 (71B6-OE) have analysed for changes and related metabolites glucose ester (ABA-GE), phaseic (PA), dihydrophaseic (DPA), 7'-hydroxyABA neo-phaseic acid. Overexpression GT led massive accumulation ABA-GE reduced levels oxidative PA DPA, but had marginal effect on...

Abstract Triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and oil bodies persist in sucrose (Suc)-rescued Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings disrupted seed catabolism. This study set out to establish if TAG as a metabolically inert pool when downstream catabolism is disrupted, or other mechanisms, such fatty acid (FA) recycling into are operating. We show that composition changes significantly Suc-rescued compared with found dry seeds, 18:2 18:3 accumulating. However, 20:1 FA not efficiently recycled...

Freshly matured seeds exhibit primary dormancy, which prevents germination until environmental conditions are favorable. The establishment of dormancy occurs during seed development and involves both genetic factors that impact on the ratio two antagonistic phytohormones: abscisic acid (ABA), promotes gibberellic acid, germination. Although our understanding breakage in mature is well advanced, relatively little known about mechanisms involved establishing maturation. We previously showed...

Significance Seeds sense environmental conditions, such as light quality, to regulate their germination. Light enriched in the far-red wavelength, under-the-canopy (shade), increases abscisic acid (ABA) and decreases gibberellin (GA) levels, phytohormones repressing promoting germination, respectively. We have discovered that MFT functions a key repressor of germination under conditions by modulating ABA GA responses.

Summary The phenylpropanoid pathway in plants leads to the synthesis of a wide range soluble secondary metabolites, many which accumulate as glycosides. In Arabidopsis, small cluster three closely related genes, UGT72E1–E3 , encode glycosyltransferases shown glucosylate several phenylpropanoids vitro including monolignols, hydroxycinnamic acids and aldehydes. role these genes planta has now been investigated through genetically downregulating expression individual or silencing entire...

Abstract RNA silencing in plants serves as a potent antiviral defense mechanism through the action of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which direct degradation. siRNAs can be derived directly from viral genome or via host-encoded RNA-dependent polymerases (RDRs). Plant genomes encode multiple RDRs, and it has been demonstrated that defective for RDR6 hyperaccumulate several classes virus. In this study, we compared effectiveness virus-induced gene (VIGS) RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM)...

Abstract Background Brassinosteroids (BRs) are signaling molecules that play essential roles in the spatial regulation of plant growth and development. In contrast to other hormones BRs act locally, close sites their synthesis, thus homeostatic mechanisms must operate at cellular level equilibrate BR concentrations. Whilst it is recognized levels bioactive likely adjusted by controlling relative rates biosynthesis catabolism, few factors, which participate these regulatory events, have as...

The period following seedling emergence is a particularly vulnerable stage in the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) subgroup of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors has pivotal role regulating growth during this early phase, integrating environmental and hormonal signals. We previously showed that SPATULA (SPT), PIF homolog, regulates seed dormancy. article, we establish unlike PIFs, which mainly promote hypocotyl elongation, SPT potent...

We previously demonstrated that the oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) acts along with abscisic to regulate seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana, but mechanistic details of this synergistic interaction remain be elucidated.Here, we show OPDA through inhibition effects acid, acid-sensing ABI5 protein, and gibberellin-sensing RGL2 DELLA protein.We further demonstrate also another dormancy-promoting factor, MOTHER-OF-FT-AND-TFL1 (MFT).Both MFT positively feed back into pathway by...

Summary Maternal experience of abiotic environmental factors such as temperature and light are well known to control seed dormancy in many plant species. biotic stress alters offspring defence phenotypes, but whether it also affects remains unexplored. We exposed Arabidopsis thaliana plants herbivory investigated plasticity germination phenotypes their offspring, along with the roles phytohormone signalling regulating maternal effects. resulted accumulation jasmonic acid‐isoleucine loss...

Summary Traditional crops have historically provided accessible and affordable nutrition to millions of rural dwellers but been neglected, with most modern agricultural systems over‐reliant on a small number internationally traded crops. are typically well‐adapted local agro‐ecological conditions many nutrient‐dense. They can play vital role in food through enhanced (particularly where diets dominated by starch crops), security livelihoods for smallholder farmers, climate‐resilient...

Genetic analysis has revealed that the accumulation of several chloroplast mRNAs green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii requires specific nucleus-encoded functions. To gain insight into this process, we have cloned nuclear gene encoding Mbb1 factor by genomic rescue a mutant specifically deficient in psbB / psbT psbH transcription unit. is soluble protein stromal phase chloroplast. It consists 662 amino acids with putative chloroplast-transit peptide at its N-terminal end. A striking feature...

Summary The chloroplast gene psbB encodes the chlorophyll‐a binding protein P5 (CP47), one of core subunits photosystem II (PSII). mRNA and downstream psbT psbH transcripts fail to accumulate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nuclear mutant 222E affected Mbb1 ( Monod et al . 1992 , Mol. Gen. Genet. 231, 449–459). By introducing chimeric genes consisting sequences from reporter aadA into chloroplast, target site was mapped 5′ untranslated region (UTR). Primer extension analysis indicates that RNA...

Abstract Several distinct pathways of RNA silencing operate in plants with roles including the suppression virus accumulation, control endogenous gene expression, and direction DNA chromatin modifications. Proteins Dicer-Like Argonaute (AGO) families have key within these biochemical properties. We are interested relationships between different used Nicotiana benthamiana as a model system. While not being an amenable plant for traditional genetics, N. is extensively RNA-silencing studies....

In plants, both transcriptional (TGS) and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) can be self-reinforcing, this allows maintenance of once the initiator has been removed or suppressed. For TGS, accomplished by generation small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from methylated DNA templates RNA polymerase IV (PolIV), RNA-dependent 2 (RDR2), DICER-LIKE 3 (DCL3), RNA-directed methylation (RdDM) machinery. Maintenance PTGS requires 6 (RDR6), may associated with transitive production secondary siRNAs....

Phenolic composition of virgin olive oil is determined by the enzymatic and/or chemical reactions that take place during fruit processing. Of these enzymes, β-glucosidase activity plays a key role in transformation phenolic glycosides present fruit, generating different secoiridoid derivatives. The main goal study was to characterize genes and enzymes responsible for oil. To achieve that, we have isolated an gene from cultivar Picual (OepGLU), expressed Nicotiana benthamiana leaves purified...