The arcuate nucleus (ARC) is crucial for the maintenance of energy homeostasis as an integrator long- and short-term hunger satiety signals. expression receptors metabolic hormones, such insulin, leptin, ghrelin, allows ARC to sense information from periphery signal it central nervous system. ventromedial (vmARC) mainly comprises orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related peptide Y neurons, which are sensitive circulating To investigate neural connections vmARC within system, we injected...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in parenchymal and cortical brain. In this work, we designed, synthesized, evaluated a series near-infrared (NIR) probes with electron donor–acceptor end groups interacting through π-conjugated system for detection Aβ Among these probes, 3b 3c had excellent fluorescent properties (emission maxima > 650 nm high quantum yields) displayed sensitivity affinities to aggregates (3b, Kd = 8.8 nM;...

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR‐3, Flt‐4), the for vascular factors (VEGFs) C and D, is expressed on lymphatic endothelium may play a role in lymphangiogenesis. In embryonic life, VEGFR‐3 essential blood vessel development. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether also involved angiogenesis adult. This studied human tissues showing andin model VEGF‐A‐induced iris neovascularization monkey eye, by use immunohistochemistry at light electron microscopic...

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family is involved in angiogenesis, and therefore VEGFs are considered as targets for anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, the physiological functions of quiescent tissues unclear may interfere with such systemic therapies. In pathological conditions, increased levels expression VEGF receptors VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3 accompany activity. this study we investigated normal human monkey patterns these receptors....

The formation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques is a common molecular change that underlies several debilitating human conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the existing near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes for in vivo detection Aβ are limited by undesirable properties and poor brain kinetics. In this work, we designed, synthesized, evaluated new family efficient NIR target incorporating hydroxyethyl groups into ligand structure. Among these probes, DANIR 8c showed...

The processing of neural information in circuits plays key roles functions. Biophotons, also called ultra-weak photon emissions (UPE), may play potential signal transmission, contributing to the understanding high functions nervous system such as vision, learning and memory, cognition consciousness. However, experimental analysis biophotonic activities (emissions) has been hampered due technical limitations. Here by developing optimizing an vitro biophoton imaging method, we characterize...

Human beings hold higher intelligence than other animals on Earth; however, it is still unclear which brain properties might explain the underlying mechanisms. The a major energy-consuming organ compared with organs. Neural signal communications and information processing in neural circuits play an important role realization of various functions, whereas improvement cognitive function driven by need for more effective communication that requires less energy. Combining ultraweak biophoton...

To expand the scope of D-π-A based near-infrared (NIR) probes for detecting β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and to systematically explore relationship among their structural characteristics, optical properties, biological three series smart NIR with different aromatic rings up seven trans double bonds were synthesized evaluated. Marked correlations between conjugated π system properties these probes, such as data, binding ability, brain uptake, observed. One probe, PHC-4, displayed improved a probe...

The early noninvasive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease targeted β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques or Tau tangles is a major challenge because the coshared β-sheet structure target. In contrast to tailoring probes specific amyloids, here, we showed that near-infrared (NIR) environment-sensitive probe 18 could fluorescently discriminate Aβ and from artificial aggregates pathological change in brain tissue. biological evaluation demonstrated substantial fluorescence enhancement, large blueshift emission...

The deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain is a pathologic hallmark Alzheimer's disease (AD), appearing years before onset symptoms, and its detection incorporated into clinical diagnosis. Here, we have discovered developed class diaryl-azine derivatives for detecting Aβ plaques AD using PET imaging. After set comprehensive preclinical assessments, screened out promising Aβ-PET tracer, [18F]92, with high binding affinity to aggregates, significant ability sections, optimal pharmacokinetic...

α-synuclein (α-syn) pathologies are central to the development of synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease (PD). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging α-syn is one strategy facilitate diagnosis, understanding, and treatment synucleinopathies, but has been restricted by lack specific PET probes. In this work, we identified 2,6-disubstituted imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (ITA) as a new α-syn-binding scaffold. Through autoradiography studies, discovered an iodinated lead compound...

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a small structure considered to be the site of major circadian pacemaker mammalian brain. Disturbances in human biological clock function may occur several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, sleep problems, and seasonal depression. Since basic knowledge anatomical connections SCN limited due lack suitable neuroanatomical tracing methods, understanding physiological mechanisms has obviously been hampered. In present study, hypothalamic were revealed...

Abnormalities in autonomic activity resulting disturbances of the diurnal rhythm many physiologic processes were recently revealed hypertensive patients. These findings suggest deteriorations functioning suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is known to be biological clock mammals. To test this hypothesis, we carried out an immunocytochemical study SCN primary hypertension patients who had died due myocardial infarction or brain hemorrhage, and compared them with those individuals a normal...

The inflammatory mediator high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of human multiple sclerosis (MS) and mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Glycyrrhizin (GL), glycoconjugated triterpene extracted from licorice root, has ability to inhibit functions HMGB1; however, GL's function against EAE not been thoroughly characterized date. To determine benefit GL as modulator neuroinflammation, we used an vivo study examine effect on along with...

Novel D-π-A-π-D probes were investigated for the detection of Aβ plaques and NFTs. The displayed remarkable optical properties, DADNIR-2 possessed high affinity towards Tau aggregates (Kd = 0.41 nM 1.04 nM, respectively) with certain selectivity. could penetrate BBB label in vivo.

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are composed of abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau, one the main pathologic hallmarks Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. The fluorescent imaging probes currently used to target NFTs cannot distinguish them well from β-amyloid plaques, thus limiting their utility diagnose diseases. Here, we developed a fused cycloheptatriene–BODIPY derivative (TNIR7-1A) that displays properties favorable for near-infrared (NIR) with high affinity specificity in...

The human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the basal part of anterior hypothalamus and considered as biological clock that generates circadian rhythms synchronizes daily activity pattern with environmental light-dark cycle. However, mechanisms pathways by which SCN transmits its information to other brain areas are unknown. Therefore, present study, we investigated efferent projections immunocytochemical staining two major peptidergic neurotransmitters: vasopressin (VP) vasoactive...

Rhenium and technetium-99m cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl complexes mimicking the chalcone structure were prepared. These proved to have affinity β-amyloid (Aβ) in fluorescent staining on brain sections of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patient binding assay using Aβ(1-42) aggregates, with K(i) values ranging from 899 108 nM as extension conjugated π system. In vitro autoradiograpy transgenic mouse confirmed [(99m)Tc]5 (K(i) = nM). biodistribution, all compounds showed good initial uptakes into fast...

The von Economo neurons (VENs) are specialized large bipolar projection with restricted distribution in the human brain, and they far more abundant humans than non-human primates. However, VEN functions remain elusive due to difficulty of isolating VENs dissecting their connections brain. Here, we combined laser-capture-microdissection RNA sequencing describe transcriptomic profile from anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Using pyramidal as reference cells, identified 344 genes VEN-associated...