Equine herpesvirus‐1 is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences are abortion equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In recent years, there has been an apparent increase in the incidence EHM North America, with for horses horse industry. This consensus statement draws together current knowledge areas pathogenesis, strain variation, epidemiology, diagnostic testing, vaccination, outbreak prevention control, treatment.

Intradermal immunization using microfabricated needles represents a potentially powerful technology, which can enhance immune responses and provide antigen sparing. Solid vaccine formulations, be coated onto microneedle patches suitable for simple administration, also offer improved shelf-life. However the approach is not fully compatible with many adjuvants including alum, most common adjuvant used in market globally. Here, we introduce polyphosphazene immuno as biologically potent...

ABSTRACT Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) have been shown to be effective immunoprotective agents in murine models for a variety of viral, intracellular bacterial, and protozoan infections. Until now, the use CpG-ODN protect against extracellular bacterial infections has not reported. The objective this study was investigate effect cellulitis colibacillosis broiler chickens, using well-established model. At 22 days age, birds received by either...

Standardized 20 mm diameter excisional skin wounds were made on the body and distal limbs of 6 ponies at 18,12, 4, 2 weeks prior to biopsy. The results comparative area analysis leg show that take significantly longer heal than wounds. There is a preparatory phase greater amount wound retraction in At 12 postwounding, epithelium covering site larger compared flank Histological examination showed there less epithelialization 4 week granulation tissue these extends slightly above level...

Summary At least three types of movement take place in the joint complexes equine thoracolumbar spine: dorsoventral flexion and extension, axial rotation lateral bending. Using standard right‐handed Cartesian coordinate system, these movements may be defined as about x, y z axes respectively. Except cases intervertebral fusion, all occur each complex back. The greatest amount takes at lumbosacral first thoracic joints. bending was measured mid‐thoracolumbar spine level 11th or 12th caudal...

A case control study of foal diarrhoea in the United Kingdom was carried out over a 3-year period. Clostridium perfringens significantly associated with (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.0), being isolated from 57% 421 animals but only 27% 223 healthy foals. Also, C. fatal (OR 4.5). About half outcome attributable to this organism. The other pathogens were rotavirus 5.6), Cryptosporidium spp. 3.2) and nematode Strongyloides westeri, which significant when present large numbers (> 2000 eggs/g faeces: OR...

Summary The relationship between spinal biomechanics and pathological changes occurring in functionally normal equine thoracolumbar spines was studied 23 horses. Ventrolateral vertebral body osteophytes occurred 36 per cent of the spines. majority 10th 17th thoracic vertebrae with largest being found 11th 13th vertebrae, region spine where greatest amount lateral bending axial rotation occurs. Impingement dorsal spinous processes detected 86 most lesions 18th vertebrae. severity occurrence...

Summary The anatomical features of 21 equine thoracolumbar spines, obtained from horses with clinically normal backs, were examined and the results compared recent data on mobility joint complexes horse's spine. spine can be divided into four regions based upon morphology complexes: first thoracic intervertebral (T1‐2), cranial mid region (T2‐T16), caudal lumbar (T16‐L6) lumbosacral joint. joints in each these related to their morphology, particularly shape, size orientation articular facets...

ABSTRACT Pathogenic bacteria often need to survive in the host and environment, it is not well understood how cells transition between these equally challenging situations. For human animal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, biofilm formation correlated with persistence outside a host, but connection virulence unknown. In this study, we analyzed multicellular-aggregate planktonic-cell subpopulations that coexist when S . Typhimurium grown under biofilm-inducing conditions....

Field outbreaks of influenza that occurred in vaccinated Thoroughbred racehorses Newmarket 1995 and 1996 were investigated by nucleoprotein ELISA serology. Investigations showed serum levels vaccine-induced single radial haemolysis (SRH) antibody correlated closely with protective immunity against equine consistent observations made previous experimental studies using nebulised aerosol challenge. In the second part this study, stimulated vaccination to examine probable protection high risk...

There is little published information available describing clinical signs, arthroscopic findings and prognosis of meniscal injuries in horses.To evaluate the effect on outcome not only treatment, but also radiographic signs these horses.The following were recorded for each case: injury, graded according to severity; prior surgery; any concurrent injury joint seen at arthroscopy. The factors grade analysed using Fisher's exact test or Chi-square analysis. Only horses whose was judged be...

Summary A randomised, controlled, double‐blind, influenza virus, aerosol challenge of horses was undertaken to determine the efficacy a cold‐adapted, temperature sensitive, modified‐live intranasal, equine vaccine. Ninety 11‐month‐old influenza‐naïve foals were assigned randomly 3 groups (20 vaccinates and 10 controls per group) challenged 5 weeks, 6 12 months after single vaccination. Challenges performed on Day 0 in plastic‐lined chamber. Between Days 1 10, animals examined daily for...

ABSTRACT Innate immunity plays an important role in protection against respiratory infections humans and animals. Host defense peptides such as beta-defensins represent major components of innate immunity. We recently developed a novel porcine model pertussis, disease young children infants worldwide. Here, we investigated the beta-defensin 1 (pBD-1), defensin homologue human 2, conferring infection with Bordetella pertussis . In this model, newborn piglets were fully susceptible to severe...

Abstract Background Swine farmers repeatedly exposed to the barn air suffer from respiratory diseases. However mechanisms of lung dysfunction following repeated exposures are still largely unknown. Therefore, we tested a hypothesis in rat model that multiple interrupted will cause chronic inflammation and decline function. Methods Rats were either swine (8 hours/day for one or five 20 days) ambient air. After exposure periods, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) methacholine (Mch) was measured...

A generalized, chronic, progressive, exfoliative dermatitis in five horses is described. Histologically, the lesion characterized by a superficial and deep perivascular which eosinophil-rich with marked lymphocytic plasmacytic component, accompanied acanthosis hyperkeratosis. More severe cases progress to lichenoid pattern same cellular composition focal eosinophilic spongiosis subcorneal pustules. Clinically, disease associated weight loss fulminating. The skin lesions are lymphoplasmacytic...