Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses which affects plant cell metabolism and reduces productivity. Variations in antioxidant defence systems under salinity among two bean genotypes were investigated. Our results indicate that difference between response to a quantitative trait rather than qualitative since they develop same strategies with significant variation rate synthesis accumulation, exemption based on phenolic compounds. For both genotypes, induced marked reduction dry matter...

Cells respond to salt stress by osmolyte synthesis and increase of K+ uptake Na+ efflux at the plasma membrane accumulation vacuole. This cellular level response has been approached molecular genetics Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two proteins, Sln1 Sho1, operate as sensors for turgor loss under mild osmotic stress. They activate Hog1 MAP kinase which induces several defence genes, including ENA1 Na+-efflux pump. Hog1-mediated induction occurs inactivation Sko1 repressor. High concentrations...

The regulation of intracellular ion concentrations is a fundamental property living cells. Although many transporters have been identified, the systems that modulate their activity remain largely unknown. We characterized two partially redundant genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, HAL4/SAT4 and HAL5, encode homologous protein kinases implicated in cation uptake. Overexpression these increases tolerance yeast cells to sodium lithium, whereas gene disruptions result greater sensitivity. These...

Abstract Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that, in plants, occurs both the cytosol and plastids. The glycolytic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyzes conversion of to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate with concomitant reduction NAD+ NADH. Both cytosolic (GAPCs) plastidial (GAPCps) GAPDH activities have been described. However, vivo functions isoforms remain unresolved. In this work, we identified two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplast/plastid-localized (GAPCp1...

Membrane-delimited abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction plays a critical role in early ABA signaling, but the molecular mechanisms linking core signaling components to plasma membrane are unclear. We show that transient calcium-dependent interactions of PYR/PYL receptors with membranes mediated through 10-member family C2-domain ABA-related (CAR) proteins Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we found PYL4 interacted an ABA-independent manner CAR1 both and nucleus plant cells. belongs...

Potassium is the major cation responsible for maintenance of ionic environment in plant cells. Stable potassium homeostasis indispensable virtually all cellular functions, and, concomitantly, viability. Plants must cope with environmental changes such as salt or drought that can alter homeostasis. fluxes are required to regulate essential process transpiration, so a constraint on transport may also affect plant's response heat, cold, oxidative stress. Sequencing data and functional analyses...

Globally, escalating soil salinization poses significant abiotic stress, disproportionately impacting crops like chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). This legume exhibits high sensitivity to salinity, which disrupts various physiological and metabolic processes, ultimately hindering growth productivity. AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) reduces salt’s detrimental effects on plants’ by bolstering the plant’s antioxidant defense system, effectively reducing damage caused oxidative stress. In this...

Four putative yeast transcription factors (Hal6–9p) have been identified which upon overexpression in multicopy plasmids increase sodium and lithium tolerance. This effect is mediated, at least part, by increased expression of the Ena1p Na + /Li extrusion pump. Hal6p Hal7p are bZIP proteins their gene disruptions affected neither salt tolerance nor ENA1 expression. Hal8p Hal9p zinc fingers decreased both Therefore, Hal9p, but not Hal7p, qualify as transcriptional activators under...

The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase that plays central role in the control cellular growth. TOR has characteristic multidomain structure. Only domain catalytic function; other domains are assumed to mediate interactions with substrates and regulators. Except for rapamycin-binding domain, there no high-resolution structural data available TOR. Here, we present structural, biophysical, mutagenesis study extremely COOH-terminal FATC domain. importance this...

Foliar application or minerals is a methodology to promote growth and/or yield and protect plants against different kinds of stresses. Currently there great interest in evaluating the effect nanoparticles for enhancing these treatments. This study was performed evaluate compare foliar zinc oxide (ZnO) (ZnO-NPs) on safflower under irrigation regimes. applications ZnO all concentrations (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 g L−1) led an increase biomass yield, number capitula per plant, seeds capitulum, grain...

Salinization poses a significant challenge in agriculture, exacerbated by anthropogenic global warming. Biostimulants, derived from living microorganisms or natural extracts, have emerged as valuable tools for conventional and organic agriculture. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying effects biostimulants is very limited, especially crops under real cultivation conditions. In this study, we adopted an integrative approach to investigate effectiveness combined...

The ric-3 gene is required for maturation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans. human homolog RIC-3, hRIC-3, enhances expression alpha7 Xenopus laevis oocytes, whereas it totally abolishes alpha4beta2 and 5-HT3 serotonergic receptors. Both the N-terminal region which contains two transmembrane segments, C-terminal are needed these differential effects. hRIC-3 inhibits receptor by hindering export mature to cell membrane. By using chimeric proteins made receptors, we...

Summary Intracellular pH must be kept close to neutrality compatible with cellular functions, but the mechanisms of homeostasis and responses intracellular acidification are mostly unknown. In plant Arabidopsis thaliana , we found that acid stress generated by weak organic acids at normal external induces expression several chaperone genes, including ROF2 which encodes a peptidyl‐prolyl cis‐trans isomerase FK506‐binding protein class. Loss function especially double mutation closely related...

Forest species ranges are confined by environmental limitations such as cold stress. The natural range shifts of pine forests due to climate change and proactive-assisted population migration may each be constrained the ability tolerate low temperatures, especially in northern latitudes or high altitudes. aim this study is characterize response cold-tolerant versus cold-sensitive Pinus halepensis (P. halepensis) seedlings at physiological molecular level under controlled conditions identify...

Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) is one of the most important industrial crops. Screening a cDNA library for sugar beet genes able to confer cold tolerance upon overexpression in yeast identified novel aquaporin, which we named BvCOLD1. The amino acid sequence BvCOLD1 indicated that an acidic protein (pI 5.18) similar tonoplast intrinsic aquaporins. RNA expression analysis expressed all organs. Confocal microscopy green fluorescent protein-tagged version localized endoplasmic reticulum and plant...

Glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs) are antioxidant enzymes not studied so far in legume nodules, despite the fact that reactive oxygen species produced at different steps of symbiosis. The function two Gpxs highly expressed nodules model Lotus japonicus was examined. Gene expression analysis, enzymatic and nitrosylation assays, yeast cell complementation, situ mRNA hybridization, immunoelectron microscopy, LjGpx-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions were used to characterize localize each...

Ginseng saponins, major active components of ginseng root used by folk medicine in the treatment various diseases, produce multiple pharmacological responses having many effects on central and peripheral nervous system. Specifically, ginsenoside Rg₂has been shown to block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors bovine chromaffin cells. We have studied effect Rg₂ different types human neuronal (nAChRs), both homomeric heteromeric, expressed in<i>Xenopus</i> oocytes. did not...

Growth and stress are generally incompatible states. Stressed cells adapt to an insult by restraining growth, conversely, growing keep responses at bay. This is evident in many physiological settings, including for example, the effect of on immune or nervous system, but underlying signaling mechanisms mediating such mutual antagonism poorly understood. In eukaryotes, a central activator cell growth protein kinase target rapamycin (TOR) its namesake network. Calcineurin conserved,...

Summary The heme of bacteria, plant and animal hemoglobins (Hbs) must be in the ferrous state to bind O 2 other physiological ligands. Here we have characterized full set non‐symbiotic (class 1 2) ‘truncated’ 3) Hbs L otus japonicus . Class are hexacoordinate, but class 3 pentacoordinate. Three globins, Glb1‐1, Glb2 Glb3‐1, nodule‐enhanced proteins. affinity Glb1‐1 (50 p m ) was highest known for any Hb, protein may function as an scavenger. five globins were reduced by free flavins, which...

Drought is one of the main constraints determining forest species growth, survival and productivity, therefore limitations for reforestation or afforestation. The aim this study to characterize drought response at physiological molecular level different Pinus halepensis (common name Aleppo pine) seed sources, previously characterized in field trials as drought-sensitive drought-tolerant. This approach aims identify traits capable predicting ability formerly uncharacterized seedlings cope...

Potassium (K+) is a key monovalent cation necessary for multiple aspects of cell growth and survival. In plants, this also plays role in the control stomatal movement. KAT1 its homolog KAT2 are main inward rectifying channels present guard cells, mediating K+ influx into these resulting opening. To gain further insight regulation channels, we performed split-ubiquitin protein-protein interaction screen searching interactors Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We characterized one candidates,...

Abstract Background Salt stress is one of the main constraints determining crop productivity, and therefore limitations for food production. The aim this study was to characterize salt response at physiological molecular level different Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck) cultivars that were previously characterized in field greenhouse trials as sensitive or tolerant. This aimed identify functional traits capable predicting ability uncharacterized lines cope with stress. For...