A5008886502- Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Cryospheric studies and observations
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Climate variability and models
- Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
- Wind and Air Flow Studies
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
- Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Science and Climate Studies
- Wind Energy Research and Development
- Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
- Precipitation Measurement and Analysis
- Aeolian processes and effects
- Climate change and permafrost
- Fire effects on ecosystems
- Energy Load and Power Forecasting
- Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications
- Landslides and related hazards
- Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
- Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research
- Aerospace Engineering and Energy Systems
- earthquake and tectonic studies
Icelandic Meteorological Office
2014-2024
University of East Anglia
2008-2010
Met Office
2010
University of Reading
2006-2007
University of Oslo
2003-2005
University of Iceland
2003-2005
L3S Research Center
1987-1991
The 39-day long eruption at the summit of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in April–May 2010 was modest size but ash widely dispersed. By combining data from ground surveys and remote sensing we show that erupted material 4.8±1.2·1011 kg (benmoreite trachyte, dense rock equivalent volume 0.18±0.05 km3). About 20% lava water-transported tephra, 80% airborne tephra (bulk 0.27 km3) transported by 3–10 km high plumes. mostly fine (diameter <1000 µm). At least 7·1010 (70 Tg) very (<28 µm), several times...
Abstract After more than a year of unrest, small effusive eruption commenced in Fagradalsfjall, Iceland, on 19 March 2021. The lasted six months. first weeks were characterized by multiple fissure openings, and the remainder was dominated activity from single crater. During eruption, lava low-level gases propagated over complex terrain: hyaloclastite massif with mountain peaks up to about 350 m asl valleys between. area is uninhabited, but easily accessible at 30 km distance Reykjavík. While...
Abstract. The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 lasted for 39 days, 14 April–23 May. had two explosive phases separated by a phase with lava formation and reduced activity. height the plume was monitored every 5 min C-band weather radar located Keflavík International Airport, 155 km distance from volcano. Furthermore, several web cameras were mounted view volcano, their images saved five seconds. Time series plume-top altitude constructed observations camera village Hvolsvöllur at...
Abstract During the Greenland Flow Distortion experiment (GFDex), aircraft‐based observations of air–sea fluxes were obtained over Denmark Strait and Irminger Sea. High‐frequency velocity, temperature water vapour have been used to calculate turbulent momentum, heat moisture using eddy covariance method. These are first direct flux in this region, add relatively small collection made high wind speed conditions. The turbulence legs flown at remarkably low levels, only 30–50 m above...
A climatology of barrier winds along the southeastern coast Greenland is presented based on 20 yr winter months (1989–2008) from ECMWF Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim). Barrier wind events occur predominantly at two locations: Denmark Strait North (DSN; 67.7°N, 25.3°W) and South (DSS; 64.9°N, 35.9°W). Events stronger than m s −1 average once per week during with considerable interannual variability—from 7 to winter. The monthly frequency correlates Atlantic oscillation (NAO) index a...
Downscaling simulations performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were used to determine large-scale wind energy potential of Iceland. Local speed distributions are represented by Weibull statistics. The shape parameter across Iceland varies between 1.2 3.6, lowest values indicative near-exponential at sheltered locations, highest normal exposed locations in winter. Compared summer, average power density winter is increased throughout a factor 2.0–5.5. In any season,...
Greenland has a major influence on the atmospheric circulation of North Atlantic-western European region, dictating location and strength mesoscale weather systems around coastal seas directly influencing synoptic-scale both locally downstream over Europe. High winds associated with local can induce large air-sea fluxes heat, moisture, momentum in region that is critical to overturning thermohaline circulation, thus play key role controlling coupled atmosphere-ocean climate system. The Flow...
Abstract A compilation of aircraft observations the atmospheric surface layer is compared with several meteorological analyses and QuikSCAT wind products. The are taken during Greenland Flow Distortion Experiment, in February March 2007, cold‐air outbreak conditions moderate to high speeds. About 150 data points spread over six days used, each point derived from a 2‐min run (equivalent 12 km spatial average). were 30–50 m above sea adjusted standard heights. Surface‐layer temperature,...
The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 lasted 39 days, 14 April–23 May. had two explosive phases separated by a phase with lava formation and reduced activity. During the there were episodes strong winds that advected ash to south southeast leading widespread disruptions air traffic. height plume was monitored weather radar web cameras mounted view volcano. Three different types impact ambient atmosphere on are described. First, situation throughout has been analyzed. frequency...
Abstract On 14 April 2010 a subglacial explosive eruption started Eyjafjallajökull, situated on the southcentral coast of Iceland. This was medium‐size but due to nature and prevailing winds during that first week, ash advected southeastward into crowded air space UK continental Europe. caused major disruptions traffic. Volcanic eruptions are not uncommon in Iceland Eyjafjallajökull has shown different characteristics than usually expected. Instead peaking few days then gradually decreasing,...
Abstract. The eruption of Grímsvötn volcano in Iceland 2011 lasted for a week, 21–28 May. was explosive and peaked during the first hours, with plume reaching 20–25 km altitude. height monitored every 5 min C-band weather radar located at Keflavík International Airport mobile X-band radar, 257 75 distance from respectively. In addition, photographs taken half-hour give information regarding initial rise. Time series plume-top altitude were constructed observations. This paper presents two...
During the low-effusion rate Fagradalsfjall eruption (19 March – 18 September 2021), emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was frequently measured using ground-based UV spectrometers. The total SO2 emitted during entire 970 ± 540 kt, which is only about 6% similar length Holuhraun (2014–2015). divided into five phases based on visual observations, including number active vents and occurrence lava fountaining. ranged from 44 19 kg/s in Phase 2 to 85 29 5, with an average 64 34 for eruption. There...
A series of idealized simulations flow impinging on large mountains is conducted to investigate the impact mountain far downstream and shed some light effects that Greenland may have airflow over North Atlantic. The upstream profiles wind stability are kept constant, there no surface friction, Rossby number 0.4, nondimensional height (ĥ = Nh/U) varied from 1 6. maximum sea level pressure deficit, geopotential orographically generated potential vorticity all increase with increased ĥ, showing...
Abstract During the Greenland Flow Distortion experiment, barrier flow was observed by an instrumented aircraft on 1, 2, 5 and 6 March 2007 off southeastern Greenland. this time period increased from a narrow jet, ∼15 m s −1 , to jet filling almost whole of Denmark Strait with maximum wind speed exceeding 40 . Dropsonde observations show that capped sharp temperature inversion below mountain height. Below cold dry larger northerly component than above, which also warmer more moist. Thus,...
Abstract We present the first continuous in situ atmospheric observations from central Iceland Sea collected a meteorological buoy deployed for 2 year period between 23 November 2007 and 21 August 2009. use these to evaluate ERA‐Interim reanalysis product demonstrate that it represented low‐level fields surface turbulent fluxes this region very well. The showed moderate strong winds were common any direction, while wind speeds below 5 ms −1 relatively rare. observed air temperature heat...
Abstract An easterly tip jet that occurred on 21 February 2007 off Cape Farewell, Greenland, is examined. In Part I of this article aircraft observations were described. Now, in II, numerical simulations and an analysis the dynamical forcing mechanisms are presented. The make use a limited‐area 12 km resolution configuration Met Office's Unified Model. Sea‐surface temperatures sea‐ice concentrations have been replaced using Operational Sea Surface Temperature Ice Analysis (OSTIA) product,...
Abstract The Iceland Greenland Seas Project (IGP) is a coordinated atmosphere–ocean research program investigating climate processes in the source region of densest waters Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. During February and March 2018, field campaign was executed over southern that utilized range observing platforms to investigate critical region, including vessel, aircraft, moorings, sea gliders, floats, meteorological buoy. A remarkable feature highly deployment platforms,...
Similar to volcanoes, regularly erupting geothermal features such as geysers are based on a delicate balance between heat source, fluid and geometry. This can be easily disturbed by various internal or external factors landslides, earthquakes the weather. However, due lack of long-term studies, these relationships remain unclear in most cases. Here we examine effect weather detail study. We include 4.5 years seismic data our study compile water fountain catalogue containing 650 000 events....
Abstract Volcanoes are a key natural source of CO 2 , but global estimates volcanic flux predominantly based on measurements from fraction world's actively degassing volcanoes. We combine high‐precision airborne 2016 and 2017 with atmospheric dispersion modeling to quantify emissions Katla, major subglacial caldera in Iceland that last erupted 100 years ago has been undergoing significant unrest recent decades. Katla's sustained flux, 12–24 kt/d, is up an order magnitude greater than...
Ground-based lidars and ceilometers are widely used for dust volcanic ash observation around the world. This is particularly interesting in Iceland where high-altitude events occur frequently during strong wind conditions eruptions. To explore possible application of such technologies monitoring events, we a combination Doppler with depolarization channels, ceilometers, other instruments, to monitor two that occurred summer 2019. We applied verified ceilometer data processing procedure...
Abstract The soil temperature trend at Hveravellir, a weather station in the Icelandic highlands, is investigated. Hveravellir stationed barren landscape but site itself grass covered. maritime climate of Iceland warmer than expected for latitude and annual 641 m a.s.l., 0.3°C. Soil has been measured since 1965 10, 20, 50 100 cm depth data not fully digitized. Here, time series used span 42 years, from 1977 to 2019. Annual seasonal trends are calculated as well number thawing degree days...
A series of idealized simulations is conducted to investigate how the upstream wind direction impacts on flow in vicinity a large elliptical mountain, oriented north–south. The speed and stability are kept constant, there no surface friction, Rossby number low non-dimensional mountain height, ĥ = Nh/U, varied from 1 4.5. pattern varies greatly with features orographic flows where Coriolis force important found. For given ĥ, blocked for aspect ratio while it not high ratio. Furthermore,...
Abstract The temporal and spatial scale of atmospheric turbulence can be highly dynamic, requiring sophisticated methods for adequate detection monitoring with high resolution. Doppler light ranging (lidar) systems have been widely used to observe monitor wind velocity profiles as lidar provide continuous information about fields. use lidars in the subarctic region is particularly challenging aerosol abundance very low, leading weak backscatter signals. In present study, we analysed data...
The impact of Greenland’s orography on the general circulation is investigated. Two 10-yr simulations are conducted using National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM3) at T106 horizontal resolution (spectral truncation): a control simulation and where set to sea level. A comparison indicates that Greenland has significant Northern Hemisphere both lower mid-tropospheric levels. storm tracks over North Atlantic shifted southward in presence mountain. There...
The impact of Greenland's orography on the general circulation is investigated. Two 10-yr simulations are conducted using National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM3) at T106 horizontal resolution (spectral truncation): a control simulation and where set to sea level. A comparison indicates that Greenland has significant Northern Hemisphere both lower mid-tropospheric levels. storm tracks over North Atlantic shifted southward in presence mountain. There...