Changes in redox status have been observed during immune responses different organisms, but the associated signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. In plants, these changes regulate conformation of NPR1, a master regulator salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense genes. NPR1 is sequestered cytoplasm as an oligomer through intermolecular disulfide bonds. We report that S-nitrosylation by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) at cysteine-156 facilitates its oligomerization, which maintains protein...

An Arabidopsis mosaic death1 (mod1) mutant, which has premature cell death in multiple organs, was isolated. mod1 plants display morphological phenotypes, including chlorotic and curly leaves, distorted siliques, senescence of primary inflorescences, reduced fertility, semidwarfism. The phenotype the mutant results from a single nuclear recessive mutation, MOD1 gene isolated by using map-based cloning approach. encodes an enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase, is subunit fatty acid...

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a long-lasting plant immunity against broad spectrum of pathogens. Biological induction SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and involves profound transcriptional changes that are largely controlled by transcription coactivator NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1). However, it unclear how signals transduced from NPR1 signaling node to general machinery. Here, we report Arabidopsis thaliana Mediator subunit16 (MED16) an...

Summary Proteasome‐mediated turnover of the transcription coactivator NPR 1 is pivotal for efficient activation broad‐spectrum plant immune responses known as localized acquired resistance ( LAR ) and systemic (SAR) in adjacent tissues, respectively, requires CUL 3‐based E3 ligase its adaptor proteins, 3 4, which are receptors signaling molecule salicylic acid SA ). It has been shown that prevents under non‐inducing / SAR ‐inducing conditions, but how cellular homeostasis maintained remains...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) participates in intracellular and extracellular signaling events unrelated to metabolism. In animals, purinergic receptors are required for NAD+ (eNAD+) evoke biological responses, indicating that eNAD+ may be sensed by cell-surface receptors. However, the identity of eNAD+-binding still remains elusive. Here, we identify a lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), LecRK-I.8, as potential Arabidopsis. The domain LecRK-I.8 binds with dissociation constant 436.5...

Abstract Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a long-lasting broad-spectrum plant immunity induced by mobile signals produced in the local leaves where initial infection occurs. Although multiple structurally unrelated have been proposed, mechanisms responsible for perception of these systemic are unknown. Here, we show that exogenously applied nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) moves systemically and induces immunity. We demonstrate lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), LecRK-VI.2,...

Abstract Polar auxin transport (PAT) plays a crucial role in the regulation of many aspects plant growth and development. We report characterization semidominant Arabidopsis thaliana bushy dwarf1 (bud1) mutant. Molecular genetic analysis indicated that bud1 phenotype is result increased expression MAP KINASE KINASE7 (MKK7), member mitogen-activated protein kinase group D. showed BUD1/MKK7 functional activity essential for its biological functions. Compared with wild type, plants develop...

There is a growing body of evidence indicating that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in plant defense responses. Analysis the completed Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence has revealed existence 20 MAPKs, 10 MAPKKs and 60 MAPKKKs, implying high level complexity MAPK signaling pathways, making assignment gene functions difficult. The MAP 7 (MKK7) previously been shown to negatively regulate polar auxin transport. Here we provide MKK7 positively regulates basal...

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signalling molecule in plant defenses against biotrophic pathogens. It also involved several other processes such as heat production, flowering, and germination. SA exists the free inert glucose conjugate (salicylic 2-O-beta-D-glucoside or SAG). Recently, Huang et al. developed a bacterial biosensor that responds to but not SAG, designated Acinetobacter sp. ADPWH_lux. In this paper we describe improved methodology for ADPWH_lux-based quantification,...

Summary Although it is well known that the pyridine nucleotides NAD and NADP function inside cell to regulate intracellular signaling processes, recent evidence from animal studies suggests NAD(P) also functions in extracellular compartment (ECC). Extracellular [eNAD(P)] can either directly bind plasma membrane receptors or be metabolized by ecto‐enzymes produce cyclic ADP‐ribose nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and/or may ADP‐ribosylate cell‐surface receptors, resulting...

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) played an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and can be regarded a potential therapeutic target for management AR.To evaluate possible TSLP AR.We enrolled 16 patients AR to investigate expression nasal mucosa link interleukin-4 (IL-4). Expression was detected by immunohistochemical analysis quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), concentrations IL-4 were measured enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay...

The Arabidopsis thaliana Elongator complex subunit2 (ELP2) genetically interacts with NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1), a key transcription coactivator of plant immunity, and regulates the induction kinetics defense genes. However, mechanistic relationship between ELP2 NPR1 how gene are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that is an epigenetic regulator required for pathogen-induced rapid transcriptome reprogramming. We show functions in transcriptional feed-forward loop...

Summary Pathogen infection in plants triggers large‐scale transcriptional changes, both locally and systemically. Emerging evidence suggests that the A rabidopsis M ediator complex plays a crucial role these changes. Mediator is highly conserved eukaryotes, its core comprises more than 20 subunits organized into three modules named head, middle tail. The head interact with general transcription factors RNA polymerase II , whereas tail module associates activators, signals through to basal...

Although Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen in agriculture, the virulence mechanisms utilized by S. and host defense against this have not been fully understood. Here, we report that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Mediator complex subunit MED16 key component of basal resistance sclerotiorum. Mutants are markedly more susceptible to than mutants 13 other subunits, med16 has much stronger effect on sclerotiorum-induced transcriptome changes...

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a long-lasting broad-spectrum plant defense mechanism induced in distal systemic tissues by mobile signals generated at the primary infection site. Despite discoveries of multiple potential signals, how these cooperate to trigger downstream SAR signaling unknown. Here, we show that endogenous extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [eNAD(P)] accumulates systemically upon pathogen and both eNAD(P) lectin receptor kinase (LecRK),...

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine:phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT; EC 2.1.1.103) catalyzes the key step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis, N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine. Cho is a vital precursor membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, which accounts for 40 to 60% lipids nonplastid plant membranes. Certain plants use produce osmoprotectant glycine betaine, confers resistance salinity, drought, and other stresses. An Arabidopsis mutant, t365, PEAMT gene silenced, was identified...

Immune responses in eukaryotes involve rapid and profound transcriptional reprogramming. Although mechanisms regulating the amplitude of defense gene expression have been extensively characterized, those controlling speed induction are not well understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis Elongator subunit 2 (AtELP2) regulates kinetics induction. AtELP2 is required for establishment full basal effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Surprisingly, biological or chemical systemic acquired resistance...

Abstract Background Pathogen infection triggers a large-scale transcriptional reprogramming in plants, and the speed of this affects outcome infection. Our understanding process has significantly benefited from mutants that display either delayed or accelerated defense gene induction. In our previous work we demonstrated Arabidopsis Elongator complex subunit 2 (AtELP2) plays an important role both basal immunity effector-triggered (ETI), more recently showed AtELP2 is involved dynamic...